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women empwerment

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women empwerment

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  1. EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN FOR ENDING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

  2. DEFINITION • “Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women and girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life”.

  3. Violence against women and girls is on the increase. • More violent forms, such as • femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders, • gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early marriages, • Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war, trafficking in women and girls and • ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.

  4. In spite of treaties, (the Protocol to the the African Charter) conventions, legislation and policies against some cultural practices the situation of women in Africa continue to be vulnerable to harmful traditional practices and customs such as FGM and widow inheritance, which expose them to the risk of HIV and AIDS

  5. There is a palpable feeling that legislation alone is not enough to achieve equality in Africa, that it is not sufficient to change perceptions, or cultures of sexism – the types of cultures which are permissive to gendered violence happening. Even with an increasing number of women in parliament in some of the countries and increasing legislation to prevent discrimination and violence on the basis of gender, a culture of masculinity prevails. Why is that? Unequal power relationships continue

  6. EMPOWERMENT OF WOMENTO END VAW- WHAT CAN WE DO? • Obtaining data on violence against women – use these to show the economic and social cost of VAW as well as emotional and psychological impact on the affected person • It is important that the extent, nature and root causes of such violence are well-documented. By analyzing such information, concrete steps can be taken, both legal and charitable, to reduce the occurrence of such violence and reduce its effects.

  7. Increase access to opportunities for women- empower women to avoid abusive relationships - empower women, free them to leave behind abusive relationships • Build capabilities of women- including physical capabilities/ create awareness/ prevention programmes/ crisis counselling & support groups

  8. Make ending VAW every one’s concern; everyone’s business: The boys in your life need your time and energy. Your son, grandson, nephew, younger brother, your male colleague. The boys you teach, coach and mentor. All need you to help them grow into healthy men. The girls in your life what are you teaching them above all what do they see!

  9. THE UN has identified violence against women and girls "the most pervasive" human rights violation that we know today. Statistics from the world over, paint a clear picture of the social and health consequences of violence against women. • According to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), violence against women is a major cause of death and disability for women aged 16 to 44 years

  10. The economic costs are considerable. Such violence impoverishes not only individuals, but families, communities, and governments, and stalls economic development of each nation

  11. A POEM FOR YOUR REFLECTION: We had our first argument last night, and he said a lot of cruel things that really hurt me. I know he is sorry and didn’t mean the things he said, because he sent me FLOWERS TODAY.

  12. I got FLOWERS TODAY.  It wasn’t our anniversary or any other special day. Last night he threw me into a wall and started to choke me. It seemed like a nightmare, I couldn’t believe it was real.

  13. I woke up this morning sore and bruised all over. I know he must be sorry because he sent me FLOWERS TODAY.

  14. I GOT flowers today, and it wasn’t Mother’s Day or any other special day. Last night, he beat me up again, it was much worse than all the other times

  15. If I leave him what will I do?  How will I take care of my kids? What about money?  I am afraid of him and scared to leave. But I know he must be sorry because he sent me FLOWERS TODAY How do you help someone like this?

  16. How do you empower someone like this? • Paulo Freire speaks about conscientisation process: • Identify the individual • Engage in dialogue/ Reflection • Lead to Action • Is your Neighbour, your sister, your friend being abused? How do you engage to facilitate empowerment?

  17. The answer to ending violence against women is first and foremost based on unequal power relations…The answer to end violence lies with you as it is such a complex issue

  18. Faces of Indian Women “One of the most enduring cliches about India is that it is the country of contradictions. Like all cliches, this one too has a grain of truth in it. At the heart of the contradiction stand Indian women: for it is true to say that they are among the most oppressed in the world, and it is equally true to say that they are among the most liberated, the most articulate and perhaps even the most free. Can these two realities be simultaneously true?” UrvashiButalia

  19. Outline of the presentation • Background: Facts about India • Place of Women in Indian Society • Indian Women in Modern Times • Education • Employment • Empowerment • Trivia: Famous Faces Indian Women • Introspection

  20. Facts about India • Largest democracy in the world • Land boundaries with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Nepal and Pakistan • Area: 3,287,590 sq.km (slightly more than one-third the size of US) • Coastline: 7,000 k.m. • Population: 1,065,070,607 (Growth rate of 1.44%)-second largest population in the world • Sex ratio: 1.07 male (s)/female • Life expectancy at birth: 63.25 years (male) and 64.77 years (female) • Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% • Religions: Hindu (81.3%), Muslim (12%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh(1.9%), Others (2.5%) • Languages: 18 major languages; 216 languages in total and several thousands dialects • Literacy: 59.5% (total population); 70.2% (male); and 48.3% (female)

  21. Place of women in Indian society:A (cultural) historical perspective • The Goddess (Devi) • The mother • The sister • The wife • The tawaif

  22. Indian Women in Modern Times Education • Literacy • Gender gaps: • Differences across states (Kerala has highest female literacy; Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have the lowest) • Differences between rural and urban areas • Parental preference for boys going to school • Higher dropout rate among girls

  23. Indian Women in Modern Times Education • Gender gaps in higher education • About 1 percent of total women population has college education • Women account for a third of the students at college/university level • In engineering and business, the proportion of female students is much smaller • In education, nearly half of the students are women

  24. Indian Women in Modern Times Barriers to Female Education • Poverty: one-fourth of India’s population lives below the poverty line (2002) • Social values and parental preferences • Inadequate school facilities • Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at the primary level and 22 percent at the university level (1993) • Gender bias in curriculum

  25. Indian Women in Modern Times Employment • Difficult to get an overall picture of employment among women in India • Most women work in the informal sector • Women accounted for only 23 percent of the total workers in the formal sector in 1991 • The number of female workers has increased faster than the number of male workers • Female unemployment rates are similar to male unemployment rates

  26. Indian Women in Modern Times Categories of employment (1991)

  27. Indian Women in Modern Times Barriers to Female Employment • Cultural Restrictions • Hierarchical society (caste system) • Purdah system: the veiling and seclusion of women • Discrimination at Workplace • More prevalent in fields where male competition is high • Less prevalent in fields where competition is low • Lack of employment opportunities

  28. Indian Women in Modern Times Empowerment • Social Empowerment • Education • There is no direct relationship between education and work force participation; but may affect their participation in household decision making • Economic Independence: • Economic independence does not imply significant improvement in social standing • Culture and tradition play an important role • A small fraction has opened up towards Western values

  29. Indian Women in Modern Times • Economic Empowerment • Property Rights • Patriarchal society • Economic Decision Making • In the household • In businesses

  30. Indian Women in Modern Times • Political Empowerment • Representation in democratic institutions • Government reservations policy for women: the constitutional amendment of 1990s

  31. TRIVIA Recognize Famous Faces

  32. Famous Faces • Indira Gandhi • Mother Teresa • Mira Nair • Kalpana Chawla • Gurinder Chadha • Arundhati Roy • Jhumpa Lahiri • Aishwarya Rai • Sushmita Sen

  33. Introspection Faces of an Indian woman • Wife • Mother • Sister • Bread earner • Compassionate member of the society

  34. “The origin of a child is a mother, a woman. ….she shows a man what sharing, caring, and loving is all about. That is the essence of a woman." Sushmita Sen, Miss Universe 1994

  35. …but that is just a beginning….

  36. Women’s Empowerment Through Gender Budgeting-The Indian Context Presentation by Anjali Goyal Director, Department of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India November 2005

  37. Gender Budgeting- a definition • “Gender budget initiatives analyse how governments raise and spend public money, with the aim of securing gender equality in decision-making about public resource allocation; and gender equality in the distribution of the impact of government budgets, both in their benefits and in their burdens. The impact of government budgets on the most disadvantaged groups of women is a focus of special attention.”

  38. What is Gender Budgeting ? • An exercise to translate stated gender commitments of the Government into budgetary commitments. • Strategy for ensuring Gender Sensitive Resource Allocation and a tool for engendering macro economic policy • Entails affirmative action for empowering women • Covers assessment of gender differential impact of Government Budgets and policies (Revenue and Expenditure). • Enables Tracking and Allocating resources for women empowerment • Opportunity to determine real value of resources allocated to women

  39. What are gender commitments in the Indian context ? • Constitutional Provisions • Legal Framework • Women Specific Laws • Laws affecting Women • Policies • Public Expenditure Programmes

  40. Women and Legal Framework Women specific Legislations • Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 • The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 • The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 • Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 • The Commission of Sati (Prevention)Act, 1987 • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

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