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This Tuesday lecture discusses the origin of foods and covers the different types of fruits and nuts found in temperate regions. Learn about fruit classifications, including dry versus fleshy and dehiscent versus indehiscent. Explore examples of various fruit types such as achene, grain, nut, follicle, legume, capsule, schizocarp, berry, and drupe. Discover popular fruit and nut crops like apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, almonds, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, grapes, olives, kiwi fruit, walnuts, pecans, and pistachios. Gain insights into the production and economics of these fruits. This reading also covers the origins of certain fruits, such as the apple which is native to the Caucasus Mountains and Kazakhstan.
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Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Temperate Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 3
Quiz • What is a fruit? Give an example. Also give an example of a plant food that we eat that is not a fruit. • In what century, and in what part of our country did Johny Appleseed live?
What is a Fruit? Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist)
Flowers to Fruits Fruit (with 1+ seeds) Ovary (in flower) With ovules
Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57
Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57
Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57
Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries • product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57
Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries • product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57 • Pericarp – fruit wall • endocarp (inside) • mesocarp (middle) • exocarp (outside)
Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate
Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate Chapter 5 Grain – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall fused
Dry Indehiscent Fruits - Nut Nut – 1 seeded, enclosed by hard pericarp, surrounded by “husk” See Figs. 3.15, 3.16, pages 70-71
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Follicle Follicle – from simple ovary, splits along 1 seam only See Figs. 3.4, p. 58 Spiraea Fruits milkweed
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Legume Legume – from simple ovary, splits along 2 seams Chapter 6 Fruit of Fabaceae, only: beans, peas, lentils etc.
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Capsule Capsule = from compound ovary, splits along >2 seams or pores
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Schizocarp Schizocarp = from compound ovary, splits into 1-seeded units Maple Schizocarp Carrot
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Seedless fruits – sterile, so no seeds develop, but still considered to be berries
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Pepo – hard rind
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Hesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs Pepo – hard rind
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Pome – most of flesh = hypanthium Hesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs Pepo – hard rind
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68
Fleshy Fruits from > 1 Ovary See Fig. 3.8, p. 66
Temperate Fruit & Nut Crops • Rosaceae – Rose Family • Apples, Pears, and Quinces • Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots, Almonds • Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries • Blueberries & Cranberries • Grapes • Olives • Kiwi Fruit • Walnuts & Pecans • Pistachios See Tables 3.2, p. 55; Table 3.5, p. 62-63
Apples, Pears, and Quinces See Fig. 3.6, p. 64
Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan
Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan
Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse
Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks
Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks Modern Favorites: Washington State, Oregon – Red Delicious Being Superseded By: Granny Smith, Gala, Fuji, Braeburn Economics: production cost = $12/box; wholesale $8-12/box
Stone Fruits – Plums and Peaches Peach Plum
Berries that are not really berries Strawberry - Fragaria See Fig. 3.8, p. 66
Berries that are not really berries Brambles – raspberries and blackberries Fruit = aggregate of small drupes (drupelets)
Berries that are not really berries Raspberry – receptacle stays behind when fruit detached Blackberry – receptacle detaches with fruit Black raspberry Blackberry Loganberry Boysenberry
Blueberry Berries that are really Berries See Fig. 3.9, p. 67 Cranberry
Another Popular Berry Flowers Grapes - Vitis See Fig. 3.11, p. 68 Vineyard grapes Muscadine grapes Table grapes
A Berry with an Accent See Fig. 3.14, p. 70 Kiwi Fruit – Actinidia deliciosa (original common name = Chinese gooseberry) Note: some individuals can be allergic to kiwi
Drupes Again See Fig. 3.12, p. 68 Olive – Olea europea
Walnuts Pecans Nuts to You See Fig. 3.15, 3.16, p. 70-71
See Figs. 3.17, 3.18, p. 72 More Nuts Chestnut - Castanea Hazelnut
Nuts that are not nuts Almond - Prunus Fig. 3.19, p. 73; Figs. 3.20, 3.21, p. 74 Pistachio – Pistacia vera
Thursday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4