Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Temperate Regions

1. Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Temperate Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 3

2. Collect assignment – Origin of Foods

3. Quiz • What is a fruit? Give an example. Also give an example of a plant food that we eat that is not a fruit. • In what century, and in what part of our country did Johny Appleseed live?

4. Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts

5. What is a Fruit? Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist)

6. Flowers to Fruits Fruit (with 1+ seeds) Ovary (in flower) With ovules

7. Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

8. Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

9. Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

10. Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries • product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

11. Fruit Types • Major Distinctions: • dry vs. fleshy • dehiscent vs. indehiscent • product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries • product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57 • Pericarp – fruit wall • endocarp (inside) • mesocarp (middle) • exocarp (outside)

12. Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate

13. Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate Chapter 5 Grain – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall fused

14. Dry Indehiscent Fruits - Nut Nut – 1 seeded, enclosed by hard pericarp, surrounded by “husk” See Figs. 3.15, 3.16, pages 70-71

15. Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Follicle Follicle – from simple ovary, splits along 1 seam only See Figs. 3.4, p. 58 Spiraea Fruits milkweed

16. Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Legume Legume – from simple ovary, splits along 2 seams Chapter 6 Fruit of Fabaceae, only: beans, peas, lentils etc.

17. Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Capsule Capsule = from compound ovary, splits along >2 seams or pores

18. Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Schizocarp Schizocarp = from compound ovary, splits into 1-seeded units Maple Schizocarp Carrot

19. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

20. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Seedless fruits – sterile, so no seeds develop, but still considered to be berries

21. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Pepo – hard rind

22. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Hesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs Pepo – hard rind

23. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry Berry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp Special types of Berries Pome – most of flesh = hypanthium Hesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs Pepo – hard rind

24. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

25. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

26. Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

27. Fleshy Fruits from > 1 Ovary See Fig. 3.8, p. 66

28. Fleshy Fruits - Comparison

29. Fleshy Fruits from > 1 Flower

30. Temperate Fruit & Nut Crops • Rosaceae – Rose Family • Apples, Pears, and Quinces • Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots, Almonds • Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries • Blueberries & Cranberries • Grapes • Olives • Kiwi Fruit • Walnuts & Pecans • Pistachios See Tables 3.2, p. 55; Table 3.5, p. 62-63

31. Apples, Pears, and Quinces See Fig. 3.6, p. 64

32. Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

33. Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

34. Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse

35. Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks

36. Apple Production Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan “Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks Modern Favorites: Washington State, Oregon – Red Delicious Being Superseded By: Granny Smith, Gala, Fuji, Braeburn Economics: production cost = $12/box; wholesale $8-12/box

37. Stone Fruits – Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots

38. Stone Fruits – Plums and Peaches Peach Plum

39. Stone Fruits – Cherries

40. Berries that are not really berries Strawberry - Fragaria See Fig. 3.8, p. 66

41. Berries that are not really berries Brambles – raspberries and blackberries Fruit = aggregate of small drupes (drupelets)

42. Berries that are not really berries Raspberry – receptacle stays behind when fruit detached Blackberry – receptacle detaches with fruit Black raspberry Blackberry Loganberry Boysenberry

43. Blueberry Berries that are really Berries See Fig. 3.9, p. 67 Cranberry

44. Another Popular Berry Flowers Grapes - Vitis See Fig. 3.11, p. 68 Vineyard grapes Muscadine grapes Table grapes

45. A Berry with an Accent See Fig. 3.14, p. 70 Kiwi Fruit – Actinidia deliciosa (original common name = Chinese gooseberry) Note: some individuals can be allergic to kiwi

46. Drupes Again See Fig. 3.12, p. 68 Olive – Olea europea

47. Walnuts Pecans Nuts to You See Fig. 3.15, 3.16, p. 70-71

48. See Figs. 3.17, 3.18, p. 72 More Nuts Chestnut - Castanea Hazelnut

49. Nuts that are not nuts Almond - Prunus Fig. 3.19, p. 73; Figs. 3.20, 3.21, p. 74 Pistachio – Pistacia vera

50. Thursday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4