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Ancient Philosophers. A Study-Guide. Click on a group of philosophers to learn more!. Pre-Socratics. Thales Anaximenes Anaximander Heraclitus. Thales. Believes God is just and expects men to behave justly World originates from water Attributed natural phenomena to gods
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Ancient Philosophers A Study-Guide
Pre-Socratics • Thales • Anaximenes • Anaximander • Heraclitus
Thales • Believes God is just and expects men to behave justly • World originates from water • Attributed natural phenomena to gods • Fire, for example, is moved to hotness by the daemon of fire
Anaximenes • Air is the source of all existence • Everything is air, at different degrees of density • Condensations of air produced the sun and stars
Anaximander • Believes in the Apeiron, an unlimited primordial mass • This concept is the source of everything that can be perceived • It embraced the opposites of hot and cold, wet and dry
Heraclitus • Disagreed with the other pre-Socratic philosophers • Claimed that the nature of everything is change itself • Believed in the unity of opposites: Good and bad are equals
The Great Masters • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle
Socrates • Believed in virtue; that men should focus on self-development and not personal wealth • Discusses reincarnation • Learning is a process of recalling “innate knowledge”
Plato • Wrote dialogues featuring Socrates as a central character • It is unknown how much of his writing is Socrates’ point-of-view and how much is his own • Discusses democracy
Aristotle • Student of Plato • Five elements: Fire, water, earth, air, and aether (divine substance) • Focused on finding the mean between two extremes • True virtue is found in the mean
Epicureans • Epicurus • Philodemus • Lucretius
Epicurus • All good and bad are derived from sensations of pleasure and pain • Death is not to be feared • When we die, we no longer exist and we feel nothing • Advocated living in seclusion
Philodemus • Claims that anger is natural • The trick is to express or handle one’s anger • Anger and hunger are both inevitable
Lucretius • Against superstition and fear of the gods • Death is the dissipation of a man’s material mind • Value of life is something that only matters during life
Stoics • Epictetus • Zeno • Marcus Aurelius
Epictetus • Held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives • Eudaimonia (happiness or flourishing • Eudaimonia is achieved by living virtuously, in accordance with reason
Zeno • Emphasized self-control and detachment from emotions • Overcome the outside world and find peace with one’s self • Regarded society as unruly and unreasonable
Marcus Aurelius • Did not believe in the afterlife • Even legends will fade into oblivion • Death is desirable, because it brings an end to all desires