Unit 6: Immigration, Progressivism, and Imperialism

1. Unit 6: Immigration, Progressivism, and Imperialism

2. The New Immigrants • Main Idea – Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. These immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.

3. Through the golden door • Background: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries • “push” factors (reasons to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution • “pull” factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic opportunity, freedom from persecution

4. Old Immigrants • Immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western Europe • Ex: Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden • Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest

5. New Immigrants • Immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe • Ex: Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Austria-Hungary • Many worked in textile or steel mills, or in coal mines in the Northeast • Many worked in clothing industry in New York City

6. Asian immigration • Smaller numbers of immigrants from China and Japan came to the West coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883 • Ex: China, Japan • Many Chinese immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad

7. Entering the United States Ellis Island Angel Island

8. Ellis Island • Immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) • Located near the Statue of Liberty = first view of U.S. for many immigrants • Immigrants had to pass inspection to gain entry to the U.S. • Inspection = physical exam, legal/document inspection, proof of no criminal record, proof of ability to work • Significance – 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rredHTyKaQ

9. Angel Island • Immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940) • Inspection process was more difficult than at Ellis Island • Significance – 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered U.S. through Angle Island

10. Assimilation • Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods = areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language • Made assimilation into American society easier • Most immigrants worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and become American citizens • Public schools= essential in the process of assimilating children of immigrants

11. Melting Pot • A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs

12. Nativism • Favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings • Fear that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workers • Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identities • Prejudice based on religious, cultural, and racial differences

13. Immigration Restriction Legislation • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882– 10 year ban on all Chinese immigration • Immigration Restriction Act of 1921– aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European immigrants

14. Stop and Think! • How did immigrants cope after arriving in America? • What troubles did they face?

15. Three-Sentence Wrap-Up • Summarize what we have talked about in three sentences or less. • Partner up. Read summaries and refine. • Turn in.

16. Progressive Era 1890-1920

17. Main Idea Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.

18. What is meant by “Gilded Age” • In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion.

19. Urbanization in the Gilded Age • Centers for manufacturing and transportation – created industrial jobs • Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements • Need for better public services • Sewage and water systems were improved • Public transportation systems were improved • Trolley, streetcar, and subways (NYC) were developed

20. Cities grew rapidly throughout the late 19th century as a result of industrial growth • Ex: Chicago (meatpacking), Detroit (automobile), Cleveland (automobile), Pittsburgh (steel), and New York (textiles)

21. Labor supply in cities increased- due to immigration and migration from rural farms

22. Problems at the Turn of the Century • Politically: Political Machines • Business practices: trusts, monopolies • Working conditions: child labor, low pay, long hours • Other stuff: drugs, gangs, drinking, women still can’t vote

23. The Progressive Movement • Progressivism: movement to improve American life in politics, society and the workplace. • Progressives were optimistic and forward looking and accepted the changes industrialization brought forth • Wanted to limit the power of big business, improve democracy and strengthen social justices

24. Working Conditions • Working conditions for laborers in factories • dangerous, low wages, long hours, no job security, no benefits • child labor common, discrimination against women • Dominance of big businesses and corporations • Government not being responsive to the needs of the people • SIGNIFICANCE – these issues led to the Progressive Movement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2M9i1Wy6IU

25. Bumper Sticker • You are to create a bumper sticker that reflects the problems the Gilded Age. • Must be historically accurate. • Must be faithful to the historical record of the period, but can be based on contemporary models. • May not be offensive in nature. • Must be the approximate size of an actual bumper sticker. • Examples: “Manifest Destiny Happens” “Proud Parent of a Factory Worker”

26. Goals of Progressive Reformers • Government controlled by the people • Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation • Eliminate social injustices

27. Social Reform • Prohibition – the movement to ban the of manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol • Based on the belief that alcohol consumption was undermining American morality • 18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol went into effect • Repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 • Responses to: Bootlegging, Speakeasies, Organized Crime (Al Capone)

28. Women’s Suffrage • Women’s Suffrage – the movement to give women the right to vote • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Benefited from strong leadership – Susan B. Anthony • Encouraged women to enter the workforce during World War One • 19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

29. Stop and think! What was the first state to grant women the right to vote? • WYOMING! • Territory – 1869 • State – 1890 • By 1919, a total of 15 states allowed women to vote in all elections • In VA, women were still not allowed to vote

30. Economic Reform • Background: During the Gilded Age (late 1800s), government took a “hands-off” approach to the economy and did not get involved in regulating business = Laissez-faire capitalism • Big businesses used power to crush competition

31. Raking the Muck! • Muckrakers– journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during the progressive era • Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil Company” attacked Rockefeller • Upton Sinclair– The Jungle– exposed horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago • Read excerpts from “The Jungle”

32. Trust Busting • Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and price-fixing • Exempted unions from being prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

33. Political Reform • Local governments - • need to reform city governments with major problems that resulted from increased urbanization • Commissionersand city council managers – new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in the U.S. • Political Machines • An illegal gang that influences enough votes to control a local government. • Gained support by trading favors for votes. • Bosses gave jobs, cash, or food to supporters.

34. State Governments • Secret ballot – allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for • Initiative – a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot • Referendum – a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative • Recall – enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term • Primary system– voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office through a special election

35. National Government • President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan = “Square Deal” • Involved trust-busting and conservation projects • President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive plan = “New Freedom” • Involved financial reform, increased government regulation of business • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlOLyMwnjU

36. Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt • Became President in 1901, after William McKinley’s assassination • Member of the Bull Moose Party • Progressive political party • Promised voters a “Square Deal” • Government will ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business • “Trustbuster”…broke up many Monopolies and Trusts • The first environmental President

37. Progressive Presidents • William Howard Taft • Elected President in 1908 • Supported safety standards for mines and railroads • Supported the 16th Amendment: • Federal income taxes • Disappointed progressives in the areas of tariffs and conservation

38. Progressive Presidents • Woodrow Wilson • Elected President in 1912 • Passed the Federal Reserve Act • Established the modern banking system • Established the Federal Trade Commission • Tariff reform • Clayton Antitrust Act: • Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act • “New Freedom” • promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

39. Amendments of the Progressive Era • 16th Amendment – established a federal income tax • 17th Amendment – direct election of senators • The people, not state legislatures, would vote on candidates running for the U.S. Senate • 18th Amendment – Prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol • 19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

40. Jim Crow and Segregation Main Idea: Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.

41. African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination • Background – During Reconstruction, African Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights. • Voting Restrictions – all Southern states passed voting restrictions on African Americans • Literacy test– difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying to register to vote • Poll tax – an annual tax that had to be paid by African-Americans before voting • Grandfather clause – state laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 • African Americans prevented from voting as a result

43. Jim Crow • Jim Crow Laws– segregation laws passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public • SIGNIFICANCE - applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems Vending machine in Jackson, Tennessee

44. Separate But (Un)Equal • Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment • Established “separate but equal” doctrine – states could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service. • SIGNIFICANCE – segregation was legal for almost 60 years

45. African-American Responses • “Great Migration” (early 20th century) –movement of African-Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South • Racial discrimination still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in violence

46. African American Responses • Ida B. Wells– led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African-Americans • Booker T. Washington– believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success • Did not openly challenge segregation • Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • W.E.B. Du Bois– believed that education was meaningless without equality • Supported political equality for African-Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

47. Imperialism: The Spanish-American War, Acquiring New Lands

48. Imperialism Imperialism– the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

49. Reasons for Imperialism: • Access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, etc… • Outlet for a country’s growing population (send people to colonies) • Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to refuel (coal and supplies) • Spread Christianity • Make the world like the West (Europe and U.S.) • Markets

50. Reasons for Success • Well-organized governments • Powerful armies and navies • Superior technology (medical and military)