Homework- 12C url: myhrw username:cpiro23 password:x2p4n

1. Homework- 12Curl: myhrw.comusername:cpiro23password:x2p4n • Chapter 30.1 • Read • Outline • Answer FAQ’s pg 855 (#1-6)

2. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Do Now: Breathing is the result of the close coordination of the respiratory and circulatory systems… What is it like to hold your breath for any length of time? Explain what impulses you feel or how your body reacts when forced to hold your breath.

3. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems SLO: You should be able to describe the respiratory system and its functions as well as describe the circulatory system and its functions Essential Question: How do the respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to all cells and maintain homeostasis?

4. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Vocabulary: circulatory system respiratory system pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles lungs alveoli diaphragm heart artery vein capillary

5. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Anticipatory Set. The record for holding one’s breath, which is a state called apnea, is close to nine minutes. To achieve this, one has to slow the heartbeat considerably. Apnea leads to low levels of oxygen, which can produce hypoxia. The body diverts oxygen from the hands and feet to vital organs, usually causing a person to lose consciousness.

6. sinus nose mouth epiglottis trachea lungs 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems • picks up oxygen from inhaled air • expels carbon dioxide and water • The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs. pharynx esophagus esophagus

7. alveoli bronchiole 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood. • The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. • Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area. • The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale. trachea

8. Air inhaled. Air exhaled. Muscles and rib cage relax. Muscles contract and rib cage expands. Diaphragm flattens and moves downward. Diaphragm relaxes and rises. • Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. • Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure. PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS LOWER THAN PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS HIGHER THAN PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS

9. GAS EXCHANGES capillary alveolus co2 Co2 diffuses into alveolus. o2 O2 diffuses into blood. Respiratory System

10. Video on Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk

11. Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells and maintain homeostasis. • The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. • brings supplies to cells • carries away wastes • separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood VEINS HEART CAPILLARIES ARTERIES

12. veins arteries The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. • The system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. • heart pumps blood throughout body • arteries move blood away from heart • veins move blood back to heart • capillaries get blood to and from cells

13. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • There are three major functions of the circulatory system. • transporting blood, gases, nutrients • collecting waste materials • maintaining body temperature

14. Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook, answer the following questions. • Apply When you stand up after lying down, why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase? • Predict How might damaged alveoli affect the oxygen level in the blood? • Infer If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her ability to maintain a stable body temperature be affected?

15. Exit Ticket Follow the path of oxygen in the pulmonary system system beginning with inhalation from the nose/mouth to the lung and ending with exhalation from the lung back to the nose/mouth. You must include all structures involved in sequence.

16. Homework 12C 30.2 Read and Answer FAQ’s

17. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Do Now. Using your research skills, use your lap tops to investigate the question that follows. Nearly every winter, newspapers carry stories of people killed by carbon monoxide (CO) gas in their homes. This colorless, odorless gas escapes from leaks in furnaces that burn fossil fuels. What makes CO so deadly?

18. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Anticipatory Set. What makes CO so deadly? Your body readily absorbs it into the blood, which means less O2 is absorbed. Within a short time, your cells become oxygen starved. You must quickly get to an area where you can breathe fresh air.

19. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange SLO: You should be able to summarize gas exchange in the lungs and describe how respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. Essential Question: How does the respiratory system exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide?

20. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange • Vocabulary: • red blood cell • hemoglobin • emphysema • asthma

21. trachea

22. ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGES capillary alveolus co2 Co2 diffuses into alveolus. o2 O2 diffuses into blood. capillaries 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli. • oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary • oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells • carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli

24. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption. • 1) Emphysema destroys alveoli • occurs when the air sacs in your lungs are gradually destroyed • turns the spherical air sacs into large, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls • reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream • makes ppl progressively more short of breath • smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.

25. Surface Area to Volume Ratio The surface of a cell, its membrane, is the site of exchange between its interior and its external environment. This surface must allow sufficient exchange to support the contents of the cell. As these cubes illustrate the surface area to volume ratio of a small object is larger than that of a large object of similar shape. This ratio limits how large cells can be.

26. Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. • Emphysema- leading cause is smoking. • Over time, many alveoli are destroyed. • Gradual reduction of the surface area for gas exchange. • Prevention = refrain from smoking. • No cure

27. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange • Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases.

28. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. • Asthma constricts airways.

29. Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook, answer the following questions. • Predict How might a sudden rise in CO2 in the blood affect the gas exchange process? • Analyze How does the alveoli’s structure relate to the function of gas exchange? • Synthesize How does smoking affect gas exchange?

30. Exit Ticket Utilizing your technology skills research another lung disease/disorder besides asthma and emphysema. List the…. 1) Name of the disease 2) Cause of the disease (etiology) 3) Effect that it has on the body (symptoms) 4) Treatments

31. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation Do Now: What is the difference between an open circulatory systems and closed circulatory system? Why is a closed system required for vertebrates, such as humans?

34. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation SLO: You should be able to describe the structure and function of the heart as well as contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation. Essential Question: How does the heart move the blood through the two physiological pathways? The total length of all the capillaries in an adult human is approximately 40,000 km (about 25,000 mi). • Blood vessels in a blue whale are so wide that a full-grown trout could swim through them.

35. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation Vocabulary: Inferior vena cava superior vena cava atrium (R&L) ventricle (R&L) tricuspid valve mitral valve semilunar valves pacemaker pulmonary valve aortic valve pulmonary circulation systemic circulation

36. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation Do Now: Review homework questions. • Analyze The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart. How is its size related to its function? • Critical Viewing If the valves in the right ventricle do not close properly, where in the body might circulation be affected the most? • Infer Why is it important to have two separate pathways for circulation?

37. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation Anticipatory Set. A defect in the heart can cause an irregular heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. In some cases, the atrial and ventricular contractions get badly out of sync. Any uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers that prevents the smooth contraction of a muscle is called fibrillation. With the contractions of the heart muscles out of phase, the heart can no longer pump blood, circulation stops, and brain death occurs. By exposing the heart to a strong electric shock, the heart can in effect “reboot” and reestablish a normal rhythm. This process is called defibrillation.

38. NORMAL HUMAN HEART CARDIAC muscle MUSCLE 30.3 The Heart and Circulation The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump. • Cardiac muscle tissue works continuously without tiring.

39. pulmonary valve aortic valve left atrium right atrium mitral valve left ventricle tricuspid right ventricle septum 30.3 The Heart and Circulation • Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood. • The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles. • Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping action.

40. SA node AV node 30.3 The Heart and Circulation • The heartbeat consists of two contractions. • Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract • Atrioventricular (AV) node stimulates ventricles to contract aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava left atrium aortic valve pulmonary valve pulmonary veins mitral valve right atrium left ventricle tricuspid inferior vena cava

41. 1 3 2 4 • Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.

42. Circulation Video • http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html

44. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

45. oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right ventricle • Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. • right ventricle pumps blood to lungs • oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then left ventricle • left ventricle pumps blood to body

46. The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. • Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs. • oxygen-poor blood enters lungs • excess carbon dioxide and waterexpelled • blood picks up oxygen • oxygen-rich blood returns to heart

47. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation • Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. • oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities • oxygen-poor blood returns to heart • The two pathways help maintain a stable body temperature.

48. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES venule arteriole 30.4 Blood Vessels & Transport Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • blood under great pressure • thicker, more muscular walls

49. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule • blood under less pressure • thinner walls, larger diameter • valves prevent backflow • Veins carry blood back to the heart.

50. endothelium smooth muscle valve connective tissue ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule • Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells.