Do Now

1. Do Now • What “theories” are you using to determine the evolution of your fossils?

2. DO NOW

3. How did this happen? • Wolf ----------------------> Poodle

4. Types of Theories • Wolf ----------------------> Poodle

5. Evolution Diversity of Life

6. History of Evolutionary Thought

7. Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included: : • John Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired CharacteristicsandLaw of Use and Disuse • Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from common ancestors

8. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution (WRONG!) • Idea called Law of Use and Disuse • If a body part were used, it got stronger • If body part NOT used, it disappeared.

9. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Inheritance Of Acquired Traits • Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears of dogs would be passed to offspring!

11. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change • Changes in Earth’s crust due to slow continuous processes • Ideas Known as Uniformitism and Gradualism based on fossil record

12. Principles of Geology • Provides evidence to support evolution of life • Explained Geological Processes That Shaped The Earth • Helped Darwin Understand Sea Shells In The Andes Mountains At 12,000+ Feet • Expanded Earth’s Age to billions of years

13. Do Now • Grab your survivors poster by the window • Explain your results from the survivors lab for the Do Now for today • Get out your planner

14. Charles Darwin the Naturalist

15. Charles Darwin • Born Feb. 12, 1809 • Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, 1831 • Trained in Theology and a Naturalist • 5 Year Voyage around world • Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna • Astounded By Variety of Life

16. HMS Beagle’s Voyage

17. Darwin’s Observations • variation of traits among similar species • Species found on one island looked different from those on nearby islands • Island species looked different from those on the mainland • Differences seemed well suited to animals’ environment

18. Galapagos Tortoises

20. Darwin’s Observations • Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected • Fossils included: • Trilobites • Giant Ground Sloth of South America This species NO longer existed.What had happened to them?

21. Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

22. Types of Evolution

23. Gradualism: Long time scale events that gradually create and destroy species. Charles Darwin

24. Punctuated Equilibrium: Short periods of time with “rapid” leaps in evolution. Usually after a major extinction event. Steven Gould

26. Parallel Evolution: • Different Animals On Different Continents But Similar Adaptations To Shared Environments

27. Do Now • Get out your fossil lab material • What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

28. Convergent Evolution • Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species • resulting from adaptations to similar environmental conditions

29. Divergent Evolution • Evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; • resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions

31. Changes in Allele Frequency • how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes) • Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life • Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

32. Evolution Principles What Pressures Cause Evolution ?

33. Definition • Evolution is change in a population of organisms over time

34. 1. Overproduction: - More offspring produced than can survive - Only a small fraction of offspring survive and reproduce.

35. - 2. Competition: - food, water, space and mates are limited - Competition within the species and with other species

36. 3. Variation - There is variation within populations. • Individuals of a population have different genetic traits. • No two individuals are exactly alike.

37. 4. Adaptations Because of variations some individuals are better adapted to survive in their environment “Survival of the Fittest”

38. Adaptations • Those that survive and reproduce have the fittest genetic variations.

39. 5. Descent with Modificationthrough Natural Selection • Some genetic traits are selected for by environmental conditions. • Those selected for survival live and pass on their beneficial genes. • Others die and genes are lost. .

40. 6. Extinctions • Some species disappear due to a catastrophic event in nature (humans, asteroid, earthquake…)

41. 6. Extinctions • Some species disappear due to a catastrophic event in nature (humans, asteroid, earthquake…)

42. Descent with Modification Over time favorable adaptations gradually accumulate in a species and unfavorable ones disappear. Eventually the accumulated changes result in a new species.

43. Genes create evolution! • The mutation or combination of alleles has to already be there by chance.  Populations do not decide to adapt or mutate after an environmental change • Only beneficial mutations lead to evolution!

44. What Kinds of Evidence are Used to Study Evolution?

45. Selective Breeding • Artificial Selection • Selective Breeding To Enhance Desired Traits Among Stock or Crops • Dogs, horses, fruits, corn etc..

47. Artificial Selection

48. Wild Mustard was artificially selected to become broccoli! Yum!

49. Natural Selection • Cannot Be Seen Directly • It Can Only Be Observed As Changes In A Population Over Many Successive Generations • Radiation • Fossil Record