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English 9B Grammar

English 9B Grammar. Helping Verbs Jingle Bells. Helping Verbs!  Helping Verbs!  There are 23.... Am , is , are !  Was and were !  Being , been , and be ! Has , have , had !  Do , does , did !  Shall , should , will , and would ! There are 5 more helping verbs :

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English 9B Grammar

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  1. English 9B Grammar

  2. Helping Verbs Jingle Bells Helping Verbs!  Helping Verbs!  There are 23.... Am, is, are!  Was and were!  Being, been, and be! Has, have, had!  Do, does, did!  Shall, should, will, and would! There are 5 more helping verbs: may, might, must, can, could! 

  3. Review from 9A • Subject: • Who or what is or does the verb in the sentence • The girl walked home. • Who walked home? (girl=subject) • Verb • The action or state of being of the sentence • The girl walked home. • What did the girl do? (walked= verb) Remember: State of being words= helping verbs in our song

  4. Phrases & clauses

  5. I can • I can define and identify clauses and phrases. • I can distinguish between a dependent clause and an independent clause.

  6. Phrases • Grammatical Phrase • A group of words that has a specific function in a sentence • “Group of words” means that the words are all right next to each other in a sentence; you can’t just pick random words from a sentence a call them a phrase • Example: prepositional phrase (on the floor) • Function= to give you a location • A phrase DOES NOT contain a subject and verb.

  7. Phrase examples • The cat is under the table. • Function: location (prep. phrase) • Running in the snow is hard. • Function: subject of sentence (gerund phrase) • Smiling broadly, the student showed his test grade to his mother. • Function: adverb to describe student (participial phrase) Notice: NONE of the phrases have a subject and verb in them.

  8. Phrase Non-Examples • The catis under the table. • Cat is table IS NOT a phrase • Running in the snow is hard. • Running snow hard IS NOT a phrase. • Smiling broadly, the student showed his test grade to his mother. • Student his mother IS NOT a phrase

  9. Challenge Question: • Is a phrase ever a complete thought? Thumbs up for yes. Thumbs down for no. Hint: Think about what a thought or sentence must contain to be considered grammatically complete.

  10. clauses • Grammatical Clause • A group of words that contains a subject AND a verb • Examples: (subject, verb) • When Iwas young • Sallyis 14 years old. • The studentran toward the bus.

  11. Phrase or clause? • Going to the store • By the door • I read the book • Seeing the movie • Scared of the storm Remember: If it has a subject AND verb, it is a clause.

  12. Challenge Question • True or False: A clause is always a complete sentence. Thumbs up for true. Thumbs down for false.

  13. Dependent Clauses • Dependent Clauses • Cannot “stand alone” as a complete sentences • Have a subject AND a verb but DO NOT express complete thoughts • Examples: • When Iwas young • (Well, when you were young what?) • As the bellrang • (Well, as the bell rang what?) Dependent clauses depend on having more to the sentence to be complete.

  14. Independent Clauses • Independent Clauses • Can “stand alone” as complete sentences • Have a subject AND a verb AND express complete thoughts • Examples: • She ran to the store. • Subject=She, verb=ran, left wondering information?- No • I already ate. • Subject=I, verb=ate, left wondering information?- No

  15. Dependent Or Independent? • Until it’s time to go • After the storm ended • Bob asked out Laura • The dog gnawed on the bone dependent dependent independent dependent

  16. I can • I can define and identify clauses and phrases. • I can distinguish between a dependent clause and an independent clause.

  17. Fragments

  18. Objectives • I can identify sentence fragments. • I can fix sentence fragments.

  19. fragments • Fragments= incomplete sentences • A fragment might : • be missing a subject • be missing a verb • not express a complete thought • Dependent clauses are fragments when they are on their own because they leave you wanting information. (They don’t express a complete thoughts.)

  20. Fragment examples • The boy in the class. • Missing verb • Corrected: The boyis in the class. • Is in the class. • Missing subject • Corrected: The boyis in the class. • When the boyis in the class • Does not express a complete thought. You are left wondering: When the boy is in the class, what? • Corrected: When the boy is in the class, he always pays attention.

  21. Fix the following fragments • In my room. • (add a subject & verb and any other words you need) • After the storm ended, • (Add an independent clauseafter the comma) • The dog • (Use dog as your subject and add a verb and any other words you need)

  22. Challenge Question • Fragments are not grammatically correct. However, when might be an appropriate time to use them? (Hint: Think about the texts that you read and if fragments are present in them. Also think about the communication you do on a daily basis. When don’t we need to be grammatically correct?)

  23. Use a detail in the picture to fix the sentence fragment The happy couple.

  24. Use a detail in the picture to fix the sentence fragment Bunch of weirdos.

  25. Use a detail in the picture to fix the sentence fragment Helping each other.

  26. Use a detail in the picture to fix the sentence fragment When Miss Hayes visits her nephew

  27. Use a detail in the picture to fix the sentence fragment If Romeo & Juliet would have waited to get married.

  28. Run ons Using periods/capital letters and semi-colons to fix run-sentences

  29. Review Question • What are the three criteria of a complete sentence (independent clause)? • 1-____________ • 2-____________ • 3-____________

  30. Definition • A run-on sentence is when you combine many complete thoughts (independent clauses) in one sentence and you do not use the proper punctuation to join them. • Example: • Romeo and Juliet is a great play the characters are very interesting. • Independent clause 1: Romeo and Juliet is a great play • Independent clause 2: the charactersmake it interesting. • What’s joining them?: Nothing (Gasp! OH NO!)

  31. Challenge Question • Run-on sentences will always be long sentences. A) True B) False

  32. Comma Splices • You do need some kind of punctuation to join together the independent clauses in a run-on sentence. However, YOU CANNOT SIMPLY USE A COMMA. THIS CREATES A COMMA SPLICE. 2 FACTS ABOUT COMMA SPLICES: • A comma splice is NOT grammatically correct. • Comma splices drive Miss Hayes NUTS.

  33. Option 1: Period/capital letters To fix a run-on: • Insert a period between the independent clauses and capitalize the letter beginning each independent clause. • Example: Romeo and Juliet is a great play. The characters make it interesting.

  34. Option 2: Semi-colons(Miss hayes’s favorite punctuation) To fix a run-on: • Insert a semi-colon between two RELATED independent clauses. • The semi-colon emphasizes the relationship between the two independent clauses. • There is no capital letter after the semi-colon unless the independent clause begins with a proper noun. • Example: Romeo and Juliet is a great play; the characters make it interesting.

  35. Semi-colon vs Colon • ; semi-colon • :  colon

  36. Challenge Question • The following sentence is a run-on sentence because it is so long: When she was a kid, Suzy loved playing in the mud and examining bugs, but her favorite thing to do was to ride her bike to 7-11 and spend at least an hour deciding how she would spend her $2 allowance that she got once per week from her momfor doing chores around the house. • True • False

  37. Practice • Romeo and Juliet killed themselves this was an impetuous thing to do. (period/capital letter) • Lord Montague is my least favorite character Nurse is my favorite. (period/capital letter) • It’s important to stay up to date on the readings; if you fall behind, it’s that much harder to catch up. (semi-colon) • Friar Laurence is a complex character; he is a religious leader, but he also lies and performs a secret marriage. (semi-colon)

  38. FANBOYS Comma

  39. I can • Identify FANBOYS coordinating conjunctions. • Use commas in a list. • Identify multiple independent clauses in one sentence. • Insert a comma between two independent clauses joined by a FANBOYS coordinating conjunction.

  40. Review Question • What does each letter in FANBOYS stand for? F A N B O Y S For And Nor But Or Yet So

  41. Review Question • What is the definition or function of a conjunction? A conjunction joins together words, phrases, and clauses.

  42. 1- Lists • When you have a list of items in a sentence, you will use AND or OR and each item in the list is separated by a comma. • I have math, history ,and English homework tonight. • My sisters’ names are Kalie, Jenna, Amanda,and Madison. • Have Lisa, James, Bob,or Sally help you with your homework.

  43. Oxford Comma • The comma which appears in a list before the FANBOYS is called an oxford comma. • It is usually optional. • Some publications use it. Others don’t. • Miss Hayes prefers it. It is also called the Harvard comma.

  44. Why should an oxford comma be used in this example? • “I’d like to thank my parents, Oprah and God.” • Without the comma before and, it makes it seem like your parents are Oprah and God.

  45. 2- FANBOYS Comma • Use a comma before a FANBOYS which joins together two independent clauses (complete thoughts). • I have an Uncle Jim,andI have an Uncle Tom. • She went to the mall, for she needed new jeans. • Joe is going to the movies this weekend, or he is going to just stay home and relax.

  46. Practice • Underline the FANBOYS and add the comma if necessary. • They are running late, so they need to hurry. • It is not her fault, nor is it my fault. • Do you want the pink shirt or the blue shirt? • It’s late, yet I am not sleepy. Remember: Only add the comma before the FANBOYS if there is an independent clause on the other side of it.

  47. Watch “So that” • If you can insert “that” after “so” in a sentence, you do not have an independent clause after “so”. • I wanted to take the quiz early so I wouldn’t have to worry about it over the weekend. • “I wouldn’t have to worry about it over the weekend” certainly seems like an independent clause. • I wanted to take the quiz early so that I wouldn’t have to worry about it over the weekend. • No comma before “so” because there’s actaully a “that” after it

  48. Comma or No comma? • She went to the store so she could get some milk, butter, and eggs. • Comma • No comma She went to the store so THAT she could get some milk, butter, and eggs.

  49. Comma+FANBOYS can be used to fix Run-ons • Run-on: I used to like reading fiction now I like reading non-fiction. • Semi-colon: I used to like reading fiction; now I like reading non-fiction. • Period/Capital: I used to like reading fiction.Now I like reading non-fiction. • FANBOYS comma: I used to like reading fiction, but now I like reading non-fiction.

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