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New ERA Technologies

New ERA Technologies. Philip Halsmer Kwan Chan Tyler Hall Sirisha Bandla Adam Edmonds Chris J. Mueller Stephen Hashins Shaun Hunt Jeff Intagliata. Outline of Presentation. Mission Statement Markets, Customers and Competitors CONOPS System Design Requirements

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New ERA Technologies

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  1. New ERA Technologies Philip Halsmer Kwan Chan Tyler Hall Sirisha Bandla Adam Edmonds Chris J. Mueller Stephen Hashins Shaun Hunt Jeff Intagliata

  2. Outline of Presentation • Mission Statement • Markets, Customers and Competitors • CONOPS • System Design Requirements • Technologies and Advanced Concepts • Initial Sizing Tools

  3. Mission Statement • Bring aircraft developments into the modern age of environmental awareness by means of innovative design and incorporating the next generation of technologies and configurations to meet NASA’s ERA N+2 guidelines. • Reduce operating cost in face of rising fuel prices and consumer pressures to reduce fares. New ERA Technologies

  4. Market Opportunity • Market niche • Creating an aircraft that can replace large portions of major airlines’ aging fleets such as MD-80, Boeing 757, 767 due to evolving market and economic needs • Potential customers include airlines such as Delta, American, and Continental

  5. North America Predicted second most in demand of new aircraft between 2010-2029 *(7200 new a/c) 78% of single aisle purchases are for airline fleet replacement Single aisle a/c market is predicted to grow from 56% to 71% in next 20 years * Airlinesin both the North American and European markets are looking for more fuel efficient and less pollutant a/c. Europe Predicted third most in demand of new aircraft between 2010-2029 *(7190 new a/c) Single aisle a/c are forecasted to make up 75% of new purchases in next 20 years According to Boeing market forecast, only 4% of current a/c in current use will still be flying in 2029 The European domestic air routes are all short enough that our a/c can cover them Target Markets *References: Boeing future market forecast, Airbus future market forecast

  6. North American O-D pairings • Busiest O-D pairings • Los Angeles (LAX)-New York (JFK) • New York (LaGuardia)-Chicago (Midway) • Atlanta (Hartsfield)-Miami International • Miami International-New York (JFK) • Seattle (Tacoma)-Miami International • Longest Range • Seattle (Tacoma)-Miami International • Distance: 2387 nm • Max Runway Lengths • Los Angeles (LAX) 12,100 ft. • New York (JFK) 14,500 ft. • New York (LaGuardia) 7,000 ft. • Chicago (Midway) 6,500 ft. • Atlanta (Hartsfield) 11,900 ft. • Miami International 13,000 ft. • Seattle (Tacoma) 11,900 ft. Seattle Chicago NewYork Atlanta LosAngeles Miami *Picture reference: Google Earth *Reference: Jackson, Laura(31 July 2008) “Air Service Top 10- The World’s Busiest City-Pairs”, Google Earth

  7. North American/EuropeanMarket Customers • North American Target Customers • American Airlines • Continental Airlines • Delta Airlines • Southwest Airlines • European Target Customers • Lufthansa • Air France • British Airways Reference: IATA World Air Transport Statistics

  8. Middle East • Dubai, UAE is in the heart of the Middle East • Largest Population on Arabian Peninsula • Dubai International • 15th busiest in world by passenger traffic • 6th busiest in world by international pax traffic • Al Maktoum International Airport • Fully operational by 2017 • 10 times larger than Dubai International • Surpass Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International by 70 million passengers per year

  9. Middle East: Background Customers/Competition Lack of railway connections on Arabian Peninsula Transportation mainly by road Vehicle growth exceeds infrastructure growth Emirates Airline is national airline Serves 101 destinations in 61 countries across 6 continents 14% increase in 200+ passenger aircraft in 2009

  10. Runway Lengths (feet) Middle East: City-Pairs City-Pairs from Largest Hub Dubai to New Delhi (1,200 nm) Mumbai (1,056 nm) Rome (2400 nm) Istanbul (1,800 nm) Zurich (2,550 nm) Moscow (1983 nm) Cairo (1500 nm) Jerusalem (1300 nm) Other Popular Routes Mumbai > New Delhi (650 nm) • Atatürk Int. (Istanbul) 9,843 • Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino (Rome) 12,795 • Zürich Int. 12,139 • Domodedovo Int. (Moscow) 12,467 • Andria Gandhi Int. (New Delhi) 14,534 • Chhatrapati Shivaji Int. (Mumbai) 11,302 • Cairo Int. 13,124 • Ben Gurion Int. (Jerusalem) 11,998 *Estimated Distances

  11. Asia Pacific • China and India Lead in Growth Among Emerging Markets • Over the next 20 years, average growth is projected to be significantly greater than the rest of the world • Beijing Capital International Airport • Located in the capital city of the People’s Republic of China • 2ndbusiest in the world by passenger traffic • ChhatrapatiShivaji International Airport • Primary airport in Mumbai, India • South Asia's busiest airport in term of passenger traffic

  12. Asia Pacific: Background Customers/Competition China Southern Airlines World’s 5th largest airline by passengers carried Asia’s largest by both fleet size and passengers carried High speed rail will pass from Southern China through Laos to Thailand, and then to the border of Malaysia GDP growth rates in China and India are expected ranged from around 8 to 11% per annum

  13. Asia Pacific: City-Pairs City-Pairs • Beijing to: • Narita, Japan (1,150nm) • Delhi, India (2,018nm) • Mumbai, India (2,505) • Changi, Singapore (2,351nm) • Bangkok, Thailand (1,751nm) Runway Lengths (ft.) • Narita Int. 13,000 • Delhi Airport 12,000 • Mumbai Int. 10,000 • Changi Airport 12,750 • Suvarnabhumi (Bangkok) 12,850

  14. Latin America • Bogota, Colombia • Considered a main international and domestic air gateway • El Dorado International • It is the largest Latin American airport in terms of cargo movements • Guarulhos International Airport • São Paulo-area the busiest airport system in Latin America in terms of passenger numbers and traffic movements

  15. Latin America: Background Customers/Competition Avianca Airways Largest Latin American Fleet Alternate forms of transportation through some rural areas can be dangerous South America is expected to see average economic growth of 4% per year for next 20 years

  16. Runway Lengths (ft.) Latin America: City-Pairs City-Pairs from Largest Hub Bogota, Colombia to: Sao Paulo, Brazil (2,280nm) Buenos Aires, Argentina (2,450nm) Cayenne, French Guiana (1,300nm) Pudahuel, Chile (2,240nm) Callao, Peru (1,000nm) Montevido, Uruguay (2,513nm) • Guarulhos Int. (Brazil) 5,500ft • Aeroparque Jorge Newbery 6,250ft • Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport 10,240ft • Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez Int. 10,200ft • Jorge Chavez Int. 11,250ft • Carrasco Int. 8,600ft *Estimated Distances

  17. NASA ERA Compliance Matrix 1ACI Aircraft Noise Rating Index – 3/9/05 2ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank: Subsonic Engines –GE90-110B1– 12/04/05 3 Courtesy of Boeing online documentation

  18. Benchmarking Process Goal: Comparing Target Mission Profile to Existing Aircraft Performance • Process • Determine Take-Off Gross Weight • Passengers • Fuel as Remaining Payload • Determine Max Zero Wind Range w/ Payload-Range Charts • Determine Take-Off Distance w/Runway Req. Charts Mission Profile Range: 3500 nmi Capacity:200 pax min. @ 250 lbs. ea.

  19. Requirement Benchmarking Matrix 1 Courtesy of Boeing online documentation 2 Courtesy of Airbus online documentation

  20. Design Mission Concept1 > 0.7 M Cruise Direct Descent Climb <7000 ft Loiter Design Range ≈ 3300 nmi ≈ 200 nmi Land and Taxi Missed Approach Land and Taxi Taxi and Take Off (0) -> (4) : ‘Basic Mission’ (5) -> (9) : ‘Reserve Segments’ 1Extrapolated from Raymer, Daniel Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Fig. 3.2

  21. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationBlended Wing Body • The blended wing body (BWB) is an aircraft technology that incorporates both a fuselage and the concept a flying wing. • Potential Benefits • Significant reduction in drag, structural weight, increase in lift characteristics. • Spacious cabin with increased options for customers • Easy embedding of engines in body for decreased noise generation • Costs • Analysis is very different than conventional aircraft • Design is favorable for larger aircrafts • Representation in our design • 10-15% decrease in empty weight, 10% decrease in drag and 10% lower direct operating cost http://www.twitt.org/BWBBowers.html http://www.twitt.org/bldwing.htm#more Image courtesy of NASA

  22. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationLaminar Flow Technologies • Extending laminar flow across areas of the aircraft will decrease skin friction drag and increase aerodynamic efficiency. The wing and the fuselage offer the highest potential for friction drag friction. • Potential Benefits • A 50% increase in laminarity translates to a 5-7% reduction in friction drag . • Costs • Requires intricate structures within the body to implement. • Requires increased maintenance which will increase operating costs. Image courtesy of Clean Sky

  23. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationLaminar Flow Technologies • Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) • Suction can be implemented at the leading edge of the body to allow for longer attached flow. • Laminar Flow Control (LFC) • Suction can be implemented along the entire airfoil. • Discrete Roughness Elements (DRE) • These can be implemented on the wings to increase the extent of laminar flow. NASA believes that this could sustain natural laminar flow to almost 60% of the chord length. • Model Representations • HLFC will result in a 10-15% less fuel consumption whereas LFC will be 20-25%. • 2% increase in operating cost • Overall empty weight increase will depend on the material for the technologies. Image courtesy of NASA http://www.aviationweek.com

  24. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationSpiroids • A spiroid is placed on the end of the wing to eliminate wing tip vortices. It differs from the conventional blended wing tip because it curves over and adjoins to the wing again • Potential Benefits • Eliminates the concentrated wingtip vortices generated at a wing tips, these wing tips account for nearly half the induced drag generated during cruise. • Model Representation • 10% improvement in fuel burn • Costs will be represented as the cost of a conventional blended wingtip. http://www.flightgobal.com

  25. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationComposites • Potential Benefits • Decreased empty operating weight of overall structure. • Increased strength and higher resistance to corrosion. • Can be molded to create a variety of shapes which will decrease the use of rivets and increase aerodynamic efficiency. • Costs • The price of composite material is still very high at this time. • Model Representation • 10% improvement in fuel burn • 1-2% decrease in in the operating empty weight • 10-15 % increase in overall cost Image courtesy of NASA

  26. Advanced Concepts and Technologies in ConsiderationQuiet Drag Applications • Devices such as the engine air brake currently being developed can produce ‘quiet drag’ that can replace the function of flaps with much lower noise generation. • Potential Benefits • Increase the glide slope for aircraft during approach with much less dB of noise generated. • Costs • Relatively new technology that has never been implemented on a known aircraft fleet. • Model Representation • These applications could result in up to about a 25dB decrease of cumulative noise as compared to the conventional aircraft of today. Image courtesy of ATA Engineering

  27. Counter Rotating Propfan / Unducted Fan What is it? • Acustomized turbofan engine, and form of the ultra-high bypass engine • The fan is placed exterior the nacelle and on the axis of the compressor blades. • Asecond blade row has been developed and placed creating the counter-rotating propfan. • This in effect doubles the rpm of the turbine allowing for a smaller and more efficient engine. • Feasible by allowing the second blade row to offset the swirl effects from the first row. • In comparison to a single rotating propeller this straightens the thrust and increases the efficiency. Reference: NASA Glenn Research Center

  28. Counter Rotating Propfan / Unducted Fan • Benefits: • Increased Fuel Efficiency • Reduce Emissions • Disadvantages: • Increased Noise • Decreased Mach Range Reference: airforceworld.com • Implementation: • Improve model fuel burn by 25-30 % • Lower Mach than commercial jet at around 0.72 • Increase engine noise level to 93 dB • Study of emission reduction still in progress

  29. Partial Electric Assisted Take-Off What is it? • A means to conserve a portion of energy and fuel during takeoff and time on runway • Electrically powered ground based towing vehicles • Method #1: Amass energy in a bank of flywheels by means of ceramic-batteries or ultra capacitors • Method#2: Conduit collection of power such as utilized by the streetcars of Washington (DC) • Buried conduits on side of runway • Towing vehicles outfitted with equipment extending to edge that access electrical power • Able to accelerate a series of aircraft to their take-off speed Reference: Inekon Trams

  30. Partial Electric Assisted Take-Off • Benefits: • Conserve Amount of Fuel from Take-Off and Time on Runway • Reduce Emissions • Disadvantages: • Initial Cost of Outfitting the Necessary Airports with the Required Equipment • Implementation: • Conserve 25 % of fuel that would be consumed on the runway which is 3% of GTOW. • Data into the amount of possible reduction of exhaust emissions is still being researched and cannot be given

  31. Sizing Algorithm • Currently using empirical estimators • Power curve fit for empty weight • OEW = .4723*GTOW1.0086 • L/D and SFC estimates for cruise and loiter fuel fractions • f =e(-SFC/LD*t_segment) • Historical values for TO, land, taxi, and climb Reference: Raymer

  32. Calibration and Future Plans • Predicted weights were well within error bounds of inputs (L/Dmax, SFC, etc) • Calibration unnecessary due to large uncertainties in inputs • Future plans • OEW and Drag build ups • Include Wave Drag • Get away from ‘historical’ fractions approach for fuel fractions Reference: Boeing

  33. Summary • Design goal has been set • Markets and customers have been identified • Performance gains from new technologies and concepts are being considered • Initial sizing code is completed

  34. Future Plans • More detailed design of aircraft will be conceived. • Trade study on new technologies and concepts will be done. • Add detail to performance gains from new technologies. • Start on the next phase of the sizing code.

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