HOW CAN WE MAKE BETTER USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN URBAN LANDSCAPES

1. HOW CAN WE MAKE BETTER USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN URBAN LANDSCAPES Fredric Miller Joliet Junior College and The Morton Arboretum

2. Natural Control • Action of abiotic and biotic factors that affect an insect population

3. Biological Control • Control of a living organism by another living organism

4. Types of Biological Control • Classical or Introduction • Search for natural enemies in the pest’s country of origin • Conservation • Preservation of naturally occurring natural enemies • Augmentation • Culture and repeated release of natural enemies

5. Predators • Insect that feeds on another insect • Polyphagous-feed on a variety of insects (i.e. dragonflies, tiger beetles, praying mantis) • Oligophagous-feed on a limited variety of insects (i.e. lady beetles, lacewing larvae) • Monophagous-feed primarily on a single species (i.e. lady beetles)

6. Naturally Occurring Predators

7. Naturally Occurring Predators

8. Naturally Occurring Predators

9. Yes, Ants are Beneficial and Predators

11. Using Insects to Control PlantsBiological Control of Purple Loosestrife

12. Naturally Occurring Arthropod Predators

13. Predaceous Nematodes • Infective stage penetrates the insect directly or is ingested and then reproduces inside the host • Insect is killed by release of bacterium carried by the nematode

15. Using Predaceous Nematodes • Steinernemafeltiae has broad application • Can be applied to soil or as a foliar protectant with conventional equipment • Effective wood-boring insects and beetles grubs

16. Predaceous Nematodes

17. Parasitoids • Insect that lives as an immature and completes development on another insect killing its host • Comparable in size to its host

18. Naturally Occurring Parasitoids

19. Classical Biological ControlImportation of Exotic EAB Parasitoids

21. PERCENT PEELED BRANCH SAMPLESCONTAINING TetrastichusplanipennisLIFESTAGESBolingbrook-Naperville, Illinois 2015-2017

22. TOTAL EAB PARASITOIDS RECOVERED FROMYELLOW PAN TRAPS (YPTs)2018

23. Biological Control with Pathogens • Development has been slow due to problems with: • Identification • Culture • Registration • Most effective against immature stages • Act similar to parasitoids • Narrow host range • Spread by air, water, insects • Ingested and develop internally

24. Naturally Occurring Bacteria • Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus popilliae • Spore-forming bacteria that are species specific • Contain toxic protein crystal and spore that paralyzes gut of the insect • Spores can withstand harsh conditions

25. Naturally Occurring Fungi • Beauveriabassiana and Entomophagamaimaiga • Not host specific • Transmitted from host to host by spores • Can penetrate insect cuticle • Require favorable conditions for epizootics (outbreak of disease)

26. FraxiProtecUsing Beauveriabassianato control EAB • Auto-dissemination device (FraxiProtec) for “catch and release” • Positioned on the south of tree canopy • Targets EAB adults during maturation feeding and mating periods • Infected adults die within 4-5 days

27. Advantages of Biological Control • Permanent • Safe • Economic

28. Disadvantages of Biological Control • Not the solution for every problem • Easily disrupted by chemical pesticides • Environmental factors play a role • Beneficial potentially becoming a pest

29. Pesticide Tempo or Decathlon Mavrik Orthene Plantfume Talstar Knox-Out Wait Period 3 months 3 months 3 months 3 month 3 months 3 months Incompatibility of Pesticides andNatural Enemies

30. Pesticide Adept, Dimilin Avid Azatin, Neem Citation Enstar II Gnatrol Preclude Resmethrin Pyrethrins Insecticidal Soap Horticulture Oil Wait Period 0 days 21 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days Compatibility of Pesticides andNatural Enemies

31. Commercial Sources for Natural Enemies • IPM Laboratories, Inc. PO Box 300980 Main StreetLocke, NY  13092ph. 315-497-2063fax. 315-497-3129 www.ipmlab.com

32. GREAT PERENNIALS FOR POLLINATORSBy Patricia PeltierThe Landscape ContractorFebruary, 2019 • Achilleamillefolium‘Balvinrose-New Vinage Rose TM • Agastche ‘Rosie Posie’ and ‘Purple Haze’ – hyssop • Allium ‘Summer Peek-a-Boo’ ornamental onion • Allium ‘Millenium’ ornamental onion • Adopropgongeradii‘Blackhawks’ • Asclepiastuberosabutterfly weed • Asclepiasviridisgreen milkweed

33. GREAT PERENNIALS FOR POLLINATORSBy Patricia PeltierThe Landscape ContractorFebruary, 2019 • Baptisia ‘Lemon Meringue’or ‘Lunar Eclipse’ false indigo • Calamintha ‘Montrose White’ calamint • Coriopsispubecsens‘ Sunshine’ • Daleapurpureapurple prairie clover • Echinaceaepurpurea‘Pica Bella’ purple coneflower • Helenium ‘Loysder Wieck’ sneeze weed

34. GREAT PERENNIALS FOR POLLINATORSBy Patricia PeltierThe Landscape ContractorFebruary, 2019 • Helianthus angustifolia‘Gold Lace’ swamp sunflower • Hibiscus ‘Jazzberry Jam’ and ‘Midnight Marvel’ rose mallow • Lavandulaangustifolia‘Imperial Gem’ English lavender • Phlox ‘Forever Pink’ phlox • Rudbeckia ‘American Gold Rush’ – Everlasting SunTM black-eyed Susan

35. GREAT PERENNIALS FOR POLLINATORSBy Patricia PeltierThe Landscape ContractorFebruary, 2019 • Salvia greggi‘Mirage Cherry Red’ autumn sage • Vernonialettermannii‘Iron’ • Butterfly’ slim leaf ironweed • Veronia ‘Southern Cross’ ironweed

36. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!