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Exploring the Unseen: Particle Physics and Accelerators

Discover the world of particle physics and the role of accelerators in advancing scientific knowledge. Find out about the smallest particles, the rules that govern them, and how conditions after the Big Bang are recreated. Learn about the design, operation, and applications of accelerators in various fields. Explore the evolution of accelerators and glimpse into the future of even bigger discoveries.

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Exploring the Unseen: Particle Physics and Accelerators

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  1. Eric Prebys Accelerator Physics and Educational Programs at Fermilab

  2. What do particle physicists do? • Particle physicists use high energy particles to study things far to small to be seen any other way • Find the smallest particles • Find the rules for how these particles behave • Recreate conditions as they were right after the Big Bang • The first “particle physics experiment” told Ernest Rutherford the structure of the atom (1911) Study the way radioactive particles “scatter” off of atoms UT Austin Student Talk

  3. Accelerators allow us to probe down to a few trillionths of a second after the Big Bang! UT Austin Student Talk

  4. What do accelerator physicists do? • Accelerator physicists design, build, and operate the machines that accelerate particles to high energies for use in: • Particle physics • Medicine: • Cancer treatment • Medical isotope production • Materials science and biophysics • Study detailed structure of materials, cells, proteins, etc, using • Electrons • Protons • Neutrons • Photons • Industrial applications • Electron welding • Food sterilization • Etc, etc, etc UT Austin Student Talk

  5. Evolution of accelerators • The first “accelerators” were natural radioactive elements • The first man-made accelerators would fit on a table Berkley “cyclotron” (1930) UT Austin Student Talk

  6. Things keep getting bigger • 60” cyclotron (1935) • Berkeley and elsewhere • Fermilab • Built ~1970 • Upgraded ~1985, ~1997 • Most powerful accelerator in the world (for a bit longer) UT Austin Student Talk

  7. Booster Cockcroft Walton Tevatron Linac Drift Tube Main Injector The Fermilab accelerators UT Austin Student Talk

  8. The future: even bigger • CERN • On Swiss-French border • LEP • 27 km in circumference!! • Built in 1980’s as an electron positron collider • Large Hadron Collider (LHC) • Built in LEP tunnel • About 7 times more energy that Fermilab • Started in 2008 • Had some problems • Just restarted!! • Come to my talk My House (1990-1992) /LHC UT Austin Student Talk

  9. Other Accelerators: B-Factories - B-Factories collide e+e- at ECM = M((4S)).-Asymmetric beam energy (moving center of mass) allows for time-dependent measurement of B-decays to study CP violation. KEKB (Belle Experiment): - Located at KEK (Japan) - 8GeV e- x 3.5 GeV e+- Peak luminosity 2E34 PEP-II (BaBar Experiment) - Located at SLAC (USA) - 9GeV e- x 3.1 GeV e+- Peak luminosity 1E34 UT Austin Student Talk

  10. Major Accelerators: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider • - Located at Brookhaven: • Can collide protons (at 28.1 GeV) and many types of ions up to Gold (at 11 GeV/amu). • Luminosity: 2E26 for Gold (??) • Goal: heavy ion physics, quark-gluon plasma, ?? UT Austin Student Talk

  11. Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) • Locate at Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA • 6GeV e- at 200 uA continuous current • Nuclear physics, precision spectroscopy, etc UT Austin Student Talk

  12. Light Sources: Too Many too Count • Put circulating electron beam through an “undulator” to create synchrotron radiation (typically X-ray) • Many applications in biophysics, materials science, industry. • New proposed machines will use very short bunches to create coherent light. UT Austin Student Talk

  13. SpallationNeutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge, TN A 1 GeV Linac will loads 1.5E14 protons into a non-accelerating synchrtron ring. These are fast-extracted to a liquid mercury target. This will happen at 60 Hz -> 1.4 MW Neutrons are used for biophysics, materials science, inductry, etc… UT Austin Student Talk

  14. Proposed “next big thing” in physics 30 km long, 250x250 GeV e+e- Superconducting RF Major push at Fermilab to host Currently significant effort in Photoinjector Superconducting RF Low Level RF (LLRF) ect International Linear Collider (ILC) UT Austin Student Talk

  15. Many uses outside of science UT Austin Student Talk

  16. Some challenges in the Field • Theoretical challenges: • Beam stability issues • Space charge • Halo formation • Computational challenges: • Accurate 3D space charge modeling • Monitoring and control. • Instrumentation challenges: • Correctly characterizing 6D phase space to compare to models. • Engineering challenges: • Magnets • RF • Cryogenics • Quality control/systems issues. UT Austin Student Talk

  17. Accelerators as a Career: Pros • Accelerators are very complex, yet largely ideal, physical systems. Fun to play with. • Accelerators allow a close interaction with hardware (this is a plus or minus, depending on your taste). • Can make contributions to a broad range of physics programs, or even industry. • Many people end up doing a wide variety of things in their careers. • Still lots of small scale, short time, interesting things to be done. • Can be involved with HEP without joining a zillion member collaboration. UT Austin Student Talk

  18. Accelerator Physics as a Career: Cons • Accelerator physics is not fundamental, in the sense that finding the Higgs or neutrino mass is. • Although it’s a vital part of that research • Accelerator physics is a means to an end, not an end in itself. • Limited faculty opportunities • That may be changing UT Austin Student Talk

  19. The Problem • Although the need for accelerator physicists is growing, few schools offer specialized education in accelerator physics • Generally one undergrad class, and accelerator physics taught as part of particle physics in grad school. • Partial solution • US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) • Started in 1987 to address the shortage of accelerator physics classes • Held twice a year (June and January) at varying host universities • One and two week courses • Two weeks = one semester • Open to both students and more senior people • Some financial aid available UT Austin Student Talk

  20. Sample USPAS Course Guide UT Austin Student Talk

  21. Fermilab Accelerator PhD Program • Started in 1985 by Leon Lederman in response to diminishing number of students going into the field. • A student works with an advisor at his or her home institution and a local advisor at Fermilab. • After completing the formal course requirements at the home institution, the student comes to the lab to work on thesis research. • Fermilab pays for tuition, stipend, and housing allowance. • Degree is granted by home institution. • Fermilab PhD Committee regularly reviews progress. UT Austin Student Talk

  22. T. Koeth (Rutgers) 2009 R. Miyamoto (UT Austin) A. Poklonsky (Michigan State) 2008 P. Yoon (Rochester) 2007 P. Snopok (Michigan State) 2007 B. Bordini (Pisa) 2006 X. Huang (Indiana) 2005 R. Zwaska (UT Austin) 2005 K. Bishofberger (UCLA) 2005 S. Seletskiy (Rochester) 2005 L. Nicolas (Glasgow)  2005 M. Alsharoa (IIT) 2005 L. Imbasciati (Vienna) 2003 V. Kashikhin (SRIEA, Russia) 2002 V. Wu (Cincinnati) 2001 J.-P. Carneiro (U. of Paris) 2001 M. Fitch (Rochester) 2000 O. Krivosheev (TPU, Russia) 1998 K. Langen (Wisconsin) 1997 E. Colby (UCLA) 1997 L. Spentzouris (Northwestern) 1996 D. Olivieri (Massachusetts) 1996 P. Chou (Northwestern) 1995 D. Siergiej (New Mexico) 1995 X. Lu (Colorado) 1994 W. Graves (Wisconsin) 1994 K. Harkay (Purdue) 1993 P. Zhou (Northwestern) 1993 T. Satogata (Northwestern) 1993 J. Palkovic (Wisconsin) 1991 P. Zhang (Houston) 1991 X. Wang (IIT) 1991 S. Stahl (Northwestern) 1991 L. Sagalofsky (Illinois) 1989 L. Merminga (Michigan) 1989 M. Syphers (Illinois - Chicago) 1987 First graduate Co-wrote definitive textbook Graduates UT Austin Student Talk

  23. New Program: Lee Teng Undergraduate Internship • Joint Program: Fermilab/Argonne National Accelerator Lab • First year: 2008 • Like existing internships, but focused on accelerator physics • Under auspices of virtual “Illinois Accelerator Institute” • ~5 students at each lab • Joint selection process, after which program administered separately at the two labs • Program • Matched to existing SULI/IPM Program • 10 weeks, ~June 1-> August 7 • Includes 2 weeks at USPAS!! • Student works closely with a mentor on a predetermined project involving accelerator physics or related technology • Includes: • Transportation to/from lab • Lodging and daily transportation to work • $450/wk stipend (including time at USPAS) • Transportation, tuition, and board for USPAS • Eligible • Physics, Math, Engineering, or Computer Science majors at U.S. Universities (not necessarily U.S. citizens) • Juniors or outstanding Sophomores UT Austin Student Talk

  24. UT Austin Student Talk

  25. 2009 Interns UT Austin Student Talk

  26. For more information • USPAS • http://uspas.fnal.gov/ • Joint PhD program • http://phd.fnal.gov/ • Lee Teng Internship • http://www.illinoisacceleratorinstitute.org • Or contact me • prebys@fnal.gov • http://home.fnal.gov/~prebys/ UT Austin Student Talk

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