For New Professionals & Graduate Students: Rethinking Native American College Mascots

1. For New Professionals & Graduate Students: Rethinking Native American College Mascots “Lets put our minds together and see what life we can make for our children.” -Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa Lakota

2. Presented & Developed By: Tracy Peterson, Cornell University Jonathon Hyde, University of Southern California

3. Session Goals • To engage the audience and create meaningful dialogue about the use of Native imagery/mascots and their impact on individuals • To create an understanding of the pervasiveness of Native imagery in our society • To compare and contrast Native imagery with other forms of oppressive imagery

4. Before we begin • Use of Terms: Indian vs. American Indian vs. Native American vs. First Nations vs. Indigenous Peoples vs. Tribal Nations • This presentation utilizes racist and disturbing imagery and words for educational purposes • Overt vs. Covert forms of oppression

5. Conventional Honor

6. What is a Mascot? Merriam-Webster Dictionary: a person, animal, or object adopted by a group as a symbolic figure especially to bring them good luck Oxford Dictionary: a person, animal, or object that is identified with a person, group, team

7. Caveat There are REEL Indians andthere are REAL Indians.

8. Illini, Seminoles, Braves, Chiefs, Indians, Redmen, Red Raiders, Savages, Warriors, Fighting Sioux, Apaches, Cherokees, Moundbuilders

9. Why Redskin? The term refers to the bloody membrane that one saw when looking at the severed scalp of an American Indian person brought in for bounty by trappers/ colonists during the westward expansion of the United States. This bloody membrane, which was “red” in color, was associated with other “animal” pelts brought in for bounty, thus creating the term “redskin”. “So, you see when we see or hear that term...we don't see a football team...we don't see a game being played...we don't see any "honor"...we see the bloody pieces of scalps that were hacked off of our men, women and even our children...we hear the screams as our people were killed...and "skinned" just like animals” -Tina Holder, Mesa, AZ

10. Where did Indian mascots come from? • Boarding schools were an attempt to prove that American Indians, conditioned within a controlled and regulated environment could give responses and behave like white people. • By the early 20th century, white schools began picking up the mascot identity from these schools. Many white schools had animal mascots and the concept of the Indian as mascot fit simply and directly into this practice. Indian boarding schools were populated with what white people considered a wild animal race.

11. Colleges & universities that have dropped their “Indian” identity 1969 - Dartmouth College changes its mascot from "Indians" to "Big Green.“ 1970 - University of Oklahoma retires its "Little Red" mascot. 1971 - Marquette University (WI) abandons its "Willie Wampum" mascot. 1972 - Stanford University drops its "Indian" sports team name and logos. 1979 - Syracuse University retires its "Saltine Warrior" mascot. 1979 - St. Bonaventure retires its "Brown Indians" and "Brown Squaws" sports team mascots. 1988 - Siena College (Loudonville, New York) changes its mascot from "Indians" to "Saints." 1994 - Marquette University changes its mascot from "Warriors" to "Golden Eagles." 1995 - St. John's University changes its mascot from "Redmen" to "Redstorm." 1996 - University of Tennessee at Chattanooga changes its mascot from "Moccasins" to "Mocs" in reference to Tennessee's state bird, the Mockingbird. 1996 - Miami University (Oxford, OH) drops its "Redskins" nickname. 1998 - Morningside College (Sioux City, Iowa) changes its mascot from "Maroon Chiefs" to “Mustangs”. 1999 - Oklahoma City University changes its mascot from "Chiefs" to "Stars.“ 1999 - Seattle University changes its mascot from "Chieftains" to "Redhawks.“ 1999 - Illinois Valley Community College (Oglesby, Illinois) retires its "Apaches" nickname. 1999 - The Quinnipiac University Board of Trustees votes to discontinue use of “The Braves” nickname.

12. Steps Forward 1998 - National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Minority Opportunities and Interests Committee concluded, "Indian mascots that promote Indian caricatures and mimic ceremonial rites do not comply with the NCAA's commitment to ethnic student welfare." 1999 - A landmark victory concludes a legal battle begun in 1992 as a three-judge panel of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office rules that the term "Redskin" is a term disparaging to Native Americans and tends to bring them "into contempt or disrepute."  The decision has the potential to strip the Washington NFL team of trademark protections. 1999 - In an action that removes all doubt about the seriousness of concerns surrounding the use of "Indian" sports team tokens, The United States Commission on Civil Rights issues a position statement calling for educational institutions to avoid use of such ethnic nicknames and mascots. 2005 – NCAA bans the use of Native American mascots by sports teams during postseason tournaments

13. Remaining NCAA Mascot Teams Alcorn State University (Braves) Central Michigan University (Chippewas) Catawba College (Indians) Florida State University (Seminoles) Midwestern State University (Indians) University of Utah (Utes) Indiana University-Pennsylvania (Indians) Carthage College (Redmen) Bradley University (Braves) Arkansas State University (Indians) Chowan College (Braves) University of Illinois-Champaign (Illini) University of Louisiana-Monroe (Indians) McMurry University (Indians) Mississippi College (Choctaws) Newberry College (Indians) University of North Dakota (Fighting Sioux) Southeastern Oklahoma State University (Savages)

14. An Interactive Exercise

15. I have watched a cartoon that featured a native caricature.

16. I have watched a sporting event on television that featured an American Indian mascot.

17. I have attended a sporting event in person that featured an American Indian mascot.

18. I attended a college or university that had an American Indian mascot.

19. I drive or own a Jeep Cherokee, Jeep Comanche, Pontiac Aztec, Mazda Navajo, Winnebago RV or an Indian Motorcycle.

20. I have purchased brands of food that appropriate Native American imagery.

21. I have dressed up as an American Indian during Halloween, a party, or for some other event.

22. As a child I read or sang the song “Ten little Indians.”

23. In my research I have reduced Native Americans to an asterisk.

24. I have used the term, “indian giver”, “chief”, “papoose”, “squaw”, “redskin”, “injun”, “prairie nigger”, “low man on the totem pole”, “sit indian Style”“indian burn” or failed to educate a person who used the term.

25. I did not have an issue with the appropriated imagery used by OutKast during the 2004 Grammy Awards.

26. I watched Disney’s Pocahontas and did not question any of the imagery presented.

27. I have colored with the “Indian Red” Crayola Crayon. Note: This color initially was India Red, over time, it became known as Indian Red, because of the popularity of American Indians in coloring books.

28. I have conducted business with a company that appropriates native imagery.

29. I have patronized an establishment that displayed a Cigar Store Indian on its premises.

30. I have purchased a “Wiggling Native Hula Girl” for my vehicle or ridden in someone’s vehicle who had one and not said anything about it.

31. What are the psychological considerations for student development? • Attitudes toward the use of “Indian” related mascots are indoctrinated at an early age when the individual is highly susceptible to influence and social pressure. • Through stereotyping and dehumanization, objectification is facilitated. Instead of being thought of as unique individuals, Native Peoples are transformed into depersonalized “things”. At work here are the same principles found in pornography which also turn real, living people into objects of a different sort. • “Indian” mascots “freeze” Indigenous Peoples in a romanticized historical period which ended over a century ago, and often attach violence to the group.

32. What are the psychological considerations for student development? • The generic quality of the misnomer, “Indians”, denies Indigenous Peoples the sense of pride and place derived from an understanding and recognition of one’s unique cultural heritage. • Because of the pervasiveness and longevity involved in the use of American Indian related mascots by schools, such uses have become institutionalized. Having been institutionalized, it becomes very difficult to recognize the discriminatory and racist practices for what they are. • In YOUR view: Can an institution have a person or race as a mascot and effectively teach students about diversity or live it in their mission?

33. What are the psychological considerations for student development? • Jonathon’s development as a white student attending a university with a Native American Mascot. • Tracy’s experience at the University of Iowa • Other experiences from the audience?

34. How are these images related to images depicted of native peoples? “The task of resisting our own oppression does not relieve us of the responsibility of acknowledging our complicity in the oppression of others.” - Beverly Tatum

49. How are these images related to images depicted of native peoples? “The task of resisting our own oppression does not relieve us of the responsibility of acknowledging our complicity in the oppression of others.” - Beverly Tatum

50. Strategies for Social Change • Use of this presentation • Alumni as agents of social change • Mobilize students, staff, faculty, and community members • Boycott and protest the use of mascots • Voice your opposition to your institution’s administration • Write editorials to your campus and local newspapers • Support others who share the similar concerns