2019 CIC CONFERENCE June 13 - 15

1. 2019CIC CONFERENCEJune 13 - 15 ENGINEERS - STANDARDS

2. Part 1STANDARDS IN FIJI

3. The Building Code – Definition! • Set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non building structures. • Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council. • Purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. • The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority. • Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, interior designers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants, and others. • Codes regulate the design and construction of structures where adopted into law.

4. The Building Code – Definition! Building codes generally include: • Standards for structure, placement, size, usage, wall assemblies, fenestration size/locations, egress rules, size/location of rooms, foundations, floor assemblies, roof structures/assemblies, energy efficiency, stairs and halls, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, site drainage & storage, appliance, lighting, fixtures standards, occupancy rules, and swimming pool regulations. • Rules regarding parking and traffic impact • Firecode rules to minimize the risk of a fire and to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency • Requirements for earthquake,cyclone,flood, andtsunami resistance, especially in disaster prone areas or for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic • Requirements for specific building uses (for example, storage of flammable substances, or housing a large number of people) • Energyprovisions and consumption • Specifications on components • Allowable installation methodologies • Minimum and maximum room ceiling heights, exit sizes and location • Qualificationof individuals or corporations doing the work • For high structures, anti-collision markers for the benefit of aircraft

5. Grandfather clauses “Unless the building is being renovated, the building code usually does not apply to existing buildings”

6. National Building Code of Fiji - 1990 • Guiding document for engineers in Fiji • Effective from 1990 (29 years since incorporation) • Jointly prepared by experts from Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, & the United States • Basic objective is to ensure that acceptable standards of structural sufficiency, fire safety, health and amenity are maintained • Sets down “Performance Requirements” and “Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions” What are Performance Requirements? These are described in terms which would allow considerable scope for innovation and development of new materials and methods of construction. The requirements are separated into: Objectives – broad statement of intent,basic concept which applies to all buildings and structures Required Performance – gives the fundamental requirements which will satisfy the objectives and are expressed in performance terms (Examples: certificates, reports, calculations, etc.)

7. National Building Code of Fiji – 1990 What are Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions? • General terms to allow some flexibility without increasing the need to administrative discretion • In absence of “Fiji Standards”, standards produced by Australia and New Zealand are used for design, construction and material. Other Key Elements of NBC - 1990 Professional Certification Administrative Discretion Administrative Arrangements NBC allows for certificates from professional consultants to be used as evidence • Under Public Health Act – Cap 111 (Regulation 2004) • Direction for Approval Authority (DTCP or Municipal Councils) • Plan submission and approval procedure • Issue of building permits • Inspections during and after construction • Provisions of evidentiary certificates • Issue of certificates of occupancy or compliance • Accreditation or approval of materials or components • Review and endorsement of standards • Fee and charges NBC is drafted with the object of reducing the need for the Approval Authority to make discretionary decisions. The Approval Authority retains the right to question suitability.

8. Home Building Manual– 1990 • Conforms to National Building Code of Fiji. • Published in 1990 – jointly prepared by experts from Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand. • Intended for the use of para-professional and professionals in the building industry for the speedy design of simple houses. • Maybe used by Approval Authorities (municipal councils) • Covers both cyclonic and seismic design for whole of Fiji group. • Limitations: • Applicable for rectangular plan buildings • Height not more than 6 meters to eave • Width not in excess of 9 meters (inclusive of verandah) • Eave overhang limited to 900 mm • Maximum roof pitch of 25 degrees • Walls braced at maximum 5 meters • Simple roof with light weight cladding • Rafter spacing limited to 900, 1200 and 1500 mm • Windows must be protected from debris • Maximum two storey

9. Home Building Manual– 1990

10. Australian & New Zealand Standards • National Building Code of Fiji (NBC) recommends Australian and New Zealand Codes of Practices and Specification • Equivalent codes of practices and specification is permittedin Australian and New Zealand Codes of Practices and Specifications • NBC 1990 recommends some of the following codes (Refer Table 1 of NBC for other codes): • Loading – AS/NZS 1170 (Parts 1 to 5 – Wind as per Australian and Seismic as per New Zealand) • Concrete Design – NZS 3101 (Parts 1 & 2) and AS 3600 • Steel Design – NZS 3404 (Parts 1 & 2) and AS 4100 • Timber Design – NZS 3603 • Composite Design – AS 2327 • Aluminum Design – AS 1664 • Wiring – AS 3000 • Plumbing and Drainage – NZS 4210 and AS 3500 • Masonry Design – NZS 4230 and AS 3700

11. Australian & New Zealand Standards

12. Part 2Construction Trend in Fiji and Standards Compliance

13. Part 2.1 – Steel Structure Project : Yue Lai Hotel – Extension Location : Suva Levels : 9 Occupancy : Hotel Engineer : Engineered Designs Developer : Yue Lai Hotel Status : Under Construction Structural System : Steel Moment Frame Braces Foundation : Bored Concrete Piers Geology : Suva Marl (1 MPa) Design Standards Concrete Design : NZS 3101.1 & 2: 2006 Steel Design : NZS 3404.1 & 2: 1997 Loading : AS/ NZS 1170.0 & 1: 2002 AS 1170.2: 2011 NZS 1170.5: 2004 Material : Structural steel from China (equivalent to AS/NZS 3679.2: 2016)

14. Part 2.1 – Steel Structure Project : Star One Apartment Location : Nadi Levels : 5 Occupancy : Apartment Architectural Services: Ali Designs Ltd Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs Peer Reviewer : Khemindra S. Narain Developer : Mr. Mobile (Fiji) Ltd Status : Under Construction Structural System : Steel Moment Frame Braces Foundation : Steel driven piles Geology : Marine Clay Design Standards Concrete Design : NZS 3101.1 & 2: 2006 Steel Design : NZS 3404.1 & 2: 1997 Loading : AS/ NZS 1170.0 & 1: 2002 AS 1170.2: 2011 NZS 1170.5: 2004 Material : Structural steel from Vietnam (equivalent to AS/NZS 3679.2: 2016)

15. Part 2.1 – Steel Structure Project : Flagstaff Plaza Location : Suva Levels : 3 Occupancy : Retails/ Office Architect : Design Hut Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs Developer : Fineland Investment Status : Completed Design Standards Concrete Design : NZS 3101.1 & 2: 2006 Steel Design : NZS 3404.1 & 2: 1997 Loading : AS/ NZS 1170.0 & 1: 2002 AS 1170.2: 2011 NZS 1170.5: 2004 Material : Structural steel from China (equivalent to AS/NZS 3679.2: 2016) Structural System : Steel Moment Frame Foundation : Isolated Pads and bored concrete piers Geology : Clay and Suva Marl

16. Part 2.2 – Composite Project : Friendship Plaza Location : Suva Levels : 28 + 2 Basement Occupancy : Hotel/ Apartment/ Office Architect : Clearview Architects Wan Guo Design Ltd Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs : Wan Guo Design Ltd Peer Reviewer : NRW Macallan Ltd Developer : WG Real Estate (Fiji) Ltd Status : Under Construction Structural System : Steel Moment Frame (Composite columns), Braces and composite shearwall Foundation : Raft with rock anchors Geology : Suva Marl (3 MPa) Design Standards Concrete Design : NZS 3101.1 & 2: 2006 Steel Design : NZS 3404.1 & 2: 1997 Composite Design : AISC 360: 2010 Loading : AS/ NZS 1170.0 & 1: 2002 AS 1170.2: 2011 NZS 1170.5: 2004 Material : Structural steel from China (equivalent to AS/NZS 3679.2: 2016)

17. Part 2.2 – Composite Project : Nalagi Hotel Location : Nadi Levels : 9 Occupancy : Hotel Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs Peer Reviewer : Khemindra S. Narain Developer : Ping Cheng Ltd Status : Completed Structural System : Steel Moment Frame (Composite columns) Foundation : Steel driven piles Geology : Marine Clay Design Standards Concrete Design : NZS 3101.1 & 2: 2006 Steel Design : NZS 3404.1 & 2: 1997 Composite Design : AISC 360: 2010 Loading : AS/ NZS 1170.0 & 1: 2002 AS 1170.2: 2011 NZS 1170.5: 2004 Material : Structural steel from China (equivalent to AS/NZS 3679.2: 2016)

18. Future Projects in Composite Project : Grand Fijian Location : Suva Levels : 33 Occupancy : Apartment & Hotel Architect : Sharma Designs Group Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs Developer : Frontier Investments Ltd Status : Design

19. Future Projects in Steel Project : Nadi Bay Sands Location : Nadi Levels : 13 Occupancy : Apartment & Hotel Architect : Sharma Designs Group Structural Engineer : Engineered Designs Developer : Nadi Bay Investment Ltd Status : Design

20. Part 3 Structural Steel

21. Part 3 - Steel Facts • A British inventor, Henry Bessemer, is generally credited with the invention of the first technique to mass produce steel in the mid 1850s. • Steel is not a single product. • There are more than 3,500 different grades of steel with many different physical, chemical, and environmental properties. • Approximately 75% of modern steels have been developed in the past 20 years. • Modern cars are built with new steels that are stronger but up to 35% lighter than in the past. • World crude steel production reached 1,689.4 million tonnes(Mt) for the year 2017. • Steel is very friendly to the environment. It is completely recyclable, possesses great durability, and, compared to other materials, requires relatively low amounts of energy to produce.

22. Part 3 – Steel FactsCont’d Source: www.worldsteel.org

23. Fact “If the Eiffel Tower were to be rebuilt today, the engineers would only need one-third of the steel that was originally used”

24. Part 4Comparing Steel Grades

25. Part 4 – Comparing Steel Grades

26. Part 4 – Comparing Steel Grades Cont’d European (EN) Specifications

27. Part 5: Code Review

28. NZS 3404.1:1997 1.0: USE OF ALTERNATE MATERIALS OR METHODS 1.1: For New Structure • Design method and/or material not specifically referred in NZS 3401.1:1997 is permitted. • This shall be accompanied by a special study (Cl. 1.4.22 of AS/NZS 1170.0 or Cl. 1.4 of NZS 1170.5) or experimental testing or rational design based on accepted engineering principles. 1.2: For Existing Structures • General principles of NZS 3404.1:1997 may be applied for SLS and ULS design. • The actual properties of the materialsin the structure shall be used.

29. NZS 3404.1:1997 2.0: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW 2.1: Design • Cl. 1.6.1 states “The design of a structure or the part of the structure to which this standard is applied shall be the responsibility of the design engineeror his/her representative.” 2.2: Design Data and details • The drawings or specifications, or both, for steel members and structures shall include, where relevant, the following: • Corrosion protection requirements • Steel grades • Size and designation of each member • Size, types and categories of welds used in connections • Size and categories of bolts used in connections • Size of the connection components • Location and details of planned joints, connections and splices • Cambers • Any constraints on construction assumed in design • Fire protection

30. NZS 3404.1:1997 3.0: STRUCTURAL STEEL 3.1: Specification • All structural steel shall comply with one of the following: • Australian or Joint Australian/ New Zealand Standards (AS 1163, AS/NZS 3678, AS/NZS 3679) • British Standards (BS 4, BS 4848, BS 7668, BS EN 10025, BS EN 10029, BS EN 10210, BS EN 10219) • Japanese Standards (JIS G 3101, JIS G 3106, JIS G 3114. JIS G 3132, JIS G 3136, JIS G 3141, JIS G 3192, JIS G 3193) • Cl.: 2.2.1 (d), “If structural steels or shapes other than those referred to in (a), (b) and (c) above are used, they shall comply with a Standard approved by the design engineer. Such an approval is outside the scope of this Standard as a Verification Method for the NZ Building Code.”

31. NZS 3404.1:1997 3.0: STRUCTURAL STEEL 3.2: Acceptance of steels • Certified mill test reports, or test certificates issued by the mill, shall constitute sufficient evidence of compliance with the material supply standards • Reference to C2.2 (NZS 3404.2:1997), “It is important that the test certificate relates to the actual steel supplied. The supplier should, in the contract documents, be required to submit proof of this to the construction reviewer.”

32. AS 4100.1:1998 SECTIONS 1, 2 AND 3 ARE SIMILAR TO NZS 3404.1:1997 SECTION 3 of the Code deals with “General Design Requirements”, that is, “Design, Loads and other actions, Stability Limit State, Strength Limit State, Serviceability Limit State, Strength and Serviceability Limit States by Load Testing, Brittle Fracture, Fatigue, Fire and Earthquake.”

33. AS 4100.1:1998 SECTIONS 1, 2 AND 3 ARE SIMILAR TO NZS 3404.1:1997 Cl.: 2.2.2 (amendment) - Acceptance of steels

34. Part 6: Procedure For Importing Structural Steel From Overseas

35. Procedures Step 1: Mill certificate from the supplier/ iron mill showing grade, chemical and mechanical properties with evidence to trace the certificate.

36. Procedures Step 2: ITP (Inspection Testing Protocol) by fabricator

37. Step 3: Independent testing by an accredited laboratory. AS 4100.1:1998 Cl.: 2.2.2 – “Acceptance of steels” states that test reports or test certificates shall be provided by the manufacturer or an independent laboratory accredited by signatories of ILAC-MRA and APLAC Global Level Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation “Amalgamation of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) and the Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC)” International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation - Mutual Recognition Arrangement (ILAC-MRA) Some Members States of ILAC-MRA & APAC China Vietnam New Zealand Australia China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) International Accreditation New Zealand (IANZ) Bureau of Accreditation (BoA) Laboratory commonly used is SGS and TUV Rheinland for testing outside Fiji. SGS stands for SociétéGénérale de Surveillance or General Society of Surveillance and TUV stands for Technischer Überwachungsverein or Technical Inspection Association

38. Test Report from China and Vietnam under CNAS & BOA accredited SGS Lab

39. Part 7 Case Study – Corrosion in High Rise

40. Sears Tower under construction, 1971 (Credit: Raymond L. Moldenhauer Collection) Sears Tower aka Willis Tower Location:Chicago, USA Height:443 m, 527 m to tip Floors:110 Structure: Steel Bundle Tube Construction:1970 – 1973 Photo Credit: Raymond L. Moldenhauer Collection

41. AON Center Location:Chicago, USA Height:362.5 m (1,189 ft) Floors:83 above ground(5 below ground) Structure: Steel Tubular (perimeter columns) Construction:1970 – 1973 Photo Credit: Raymond L. Moldenhauer Collection

42. World Trade Centre aka Twin Towers Location: New York, USA Owner:Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Construction: 1968 – 1971 Top Floor:1 WTC: 1,355 feet (413 m); 2 (WTC): 1,348 ft (411 m) Structure: Steel Tubular (perimeter columns) Photo Credit: www.flickr.com

43. Salesforce Tower Location: San Francisco, USA Construction: 2013-2018 Floor:61 Height: 326 m (1070 ft) Structure: Concrete core + gravity columns Photo Credit: www.flickr.com

44. Westfield Newmarket Location: Auckland, New Zealand Construction: current Floor:3 Structure: Steel frames (seismic brace) Photo Credit: Engineered Designs, Suva

45. Rainier Square Tower Location: Seattle, USA Construction: current Floor:58 Height: 259 m Structure: Steel frames with concrete core Photo Credit: Engineering News-Record

46. 425 Park Avenue construction site tour By American Institute of Steel Construction

47. COMMERCIAL BAY • currently under construction • 8500t of structural steel • 39 story commercial premises in the heart of Auckland CBD • entirely welded braced frame on the perimeter with steel lift cores in the rear of the building floor plate. • completion mid 2019 Credit: https://culham.co.nz/project/commercial-bay/

48. Top 20

49. FunZone

50. Authoritative Client/ Contractor versus Engineer