Volcanic Activity

2. 2.0 Volcanic Activity

3. 2.1 What is a Volcanologist? A volcanologist is a scientist that studies volcanoes. Volcanologists monitor volcanoes to: Understand why and how they erupt Predict when and where they might erupt in the future

4. 2.2 Volcanic Mountains The formation of a volcano When two plates collide or separate, magma can rise from the mantle. It fills the space in the crust– the vent– in an eruption. Magma cools and hardens at the surface. This is called lava. Layers of lava and ash build up around the vent. A cone-shaped mountain is formed with a crater.

5. 2.2 Volcanic Mountains An eruption Two volcanic mountains Cone-shaped volcanic mountain A crater at the top of a volcano

6. 2.2 Volcanic Mountains Erupting volcano An eruption Two volcanic mountains Cone-shaped volcanic mountain A crater at the top of a volcano

7. 2.3 The Life Cycle of a Volcano Active Any volcano that has erupted in the past 10,000 years. Mount St Helens

8. 2.3 The Life Cycle of a Volcano Dormant A volcano that has not erupted in the past 10,000 years but is expected to erupt again in the future. Kilimanjaro

9. 2.3 The Life Cycle of a Volcano Extinct A volcano that is never expected to erupt again. Mount Kenya

10. 2.4 Mid-Ocean Ridges A mid-ocean ridge can be found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This is where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is located. It is a narrow chain of submarine mountains and volcanoes.

11. 2.5 The Pacific Ring of Fire Where 90% of the world’s earthquakes occur Contains many plate boundaries Home to 75% of the earth’s active volcanoes Fun Fact! Most of the volcanoes on the Pacific Ring of Fire are underwater.

12. 2.6 Economic and Social Impact Eyjafjallajökull Erupted in 14 April 2010 Ash sent several kilometres into the air The ash cloud was blown across Europe

13. The span of the ash cloud caused by the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

14. 2.6 Economic and Social Impact Eyjafjallajökull increased tourism New tourist attraction - Eyjafjallajökull visitor centre Lava and ash are rich in nutrients Increased tourism created jobs Generates income for local community Soils in volcanic areas are very fertile and good for agricultural use Increasedtourism and unemployment Generated income Fun Fact! In 2008, less than 500,000 people visited Iceland. In 2016, 1.8 million visited Iceland. Fertile soil

15. 2.6 Economic and Social Impact Ash polluted the local water supply 100,000 flights cancelled over eight days Five hundred families had to leave their homes Fresh fruit could not be transported by plane Farmers could not let their animals drink from streams near the volcano 20 countries closed airspace Locals and rescuers had to wear face masks to avoid choking on the ash Over 1 million flower stalks went unsold in the first two days of the eruption Contaminated water supply Travel chaos Evacuation of locals Loss of earnings

16. VOLCANO ERUPTS IN SOUTH ICELAND A BBC News report on a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland.

17. Video: Eyjafjallajökull Erupting