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Junji Haba, KEK

Status and perspectives of solid state photon detectors for single photon detection Pixelated Photon Detector (PPD). Junji Haba, KEK. What is PPD?. Proposed generic name in the PD07 workshop held in Kobe for Multipixel Geiger-mode APD array referred formerly and differently as

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Junji Haba, KEK

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  1. Status and perspectives ofsolid state photon detectors for single photon detectionPixelated Photon Detector (PPD) Junji Haba, KEK

  2. What is PPD? • Proposed generic name in the PD07 workshop held in Kobe for • Multipixel Geiger-mode APD array referred formerly and differently as • SiPM (MEPHI/PULSAR, MPI, ITCirst) • MGPD (CALICE) • MRS-APD(CPTA) • PSiPs(aPeak) • G-APD(Dubna/Mikron) • SPM(SensL) • MPPC(HPK) ………. • A novel and unique solid state sensor which can count photon. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  3. Being developed over the world RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  4. Primary building block, GM-APD. Geiger mode APD Many variations which almost characterize the performance of APD, Noise rate, Spectral response …… n- epi Example of CMS APD(HPK) RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  5. GM-APD operation sequence  ID • Ready • CD charged to VBIAS • Swithch ON period • Avalanche triggered (by photon) • CD discharged to VBD with t=RSCD • ID grows to (VBIAS-VBD)/RQ • Recharging period • Switch turned off • CD is recharged from VBD to VBIAS with t=RQCD • Ready for the next RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  6. Output signal characteristics Imax~(VBIAS-VBD)/RQ t=RSCD ID • t=RQCD Gain = Q / e = Imax*t / e = (VBIAS-VBD)CD / e RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  7. Typical raw signals Otono @PD07 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  8. Gain scaling 3×106 106 15℃ • 25 oC • 20 oC • 15 oC 20℃ 1×106 25℃ 68.4 69.6 VOV = VBIAS - VBD VBIAS RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  9. Temperature dependence in VBD Otono @PD07 Temperature RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  10. Afterpulsing • Some portion of carriers generated in an avalanche would be trapped in lattice defects and then released with triggering another avalanche. NC = No. of carriers = Gain Pt = Trap probability t = Trap lifetime Pav = Geiger discharge probability Low gain, low Pt, or long t gives low Pap RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  11. Afterpulsing probability RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  12. Afterpulsing time constant Tempeature dependence as expected Otono @JPS07 RQ should be chosen for this time scale RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  13. Multipixel GM-APD array PPD 100 – 1600 pix 1mm GM-APD Quench resistor 20 x 20 pix Bias bus RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  14. Photon counting with PPD g -Vbias   GM-APD output Quench resistor g Q Q Musienko @PD07 2Q Photon counting possible with a clearly quantized signal RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  15. Counting much easier PMT RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  16. Photon detection efficiency 1600 pixel Sensitivity (arbitrary) y-point (2mm pitch) One pixel x-point (2mm pitch) • Photon Detection Efficinecy (PDE) is determined byPDE = egeom Q.E.  egeiger egeom :fill factor Q.E. : wave length dependent egeiger: Bisa voltage dependent • 25 oC • 20 oC • 15 oC Laser spot scan RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  17. PDE measurement (DC mode) Standard method for PMT Q.E. DC mode setup movable stage Monochro-meter IMPPC filter A Ref. PD A halogenlamp IPD MPPC pin hole QE of the reference PD is known. Photon counting with PD impossible. Light shield box RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  18. PDE measurement DC vs pulse MPPC 400 pix 50mm MPPC (pulse) (DC) DC may have ~30% fake contribution from afterpulsing/cross talk, (depending on VBIAS) Yamaoka@JPS07 Afterpulsing and cross talk should be taken into account. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  19. Cross talk among pixels Otono @PD07 VOV Weak dependence on T Cross talk \ Gain * PDE’ RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  20. Noise rate Over 300 sample of HPK 400 pix50mm. Rather good example. 1p.e Noise (kHz) Gomi @JPS07 Simple scaler count may contain some afterpulse. Gomi @PD07 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  21. Noise @ low temperature Otono @PD07 VOV RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  22. Irraditation effect – g ray RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  23. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  24. Irradiation effect - proton RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  25. Non-linearity • Fatal non-linearity due to finite number of pixels. • Limits the dynamic range for calorimeter application. • Very fast recovery (~ 5 nsec) could relieve the deficit. • (each can count several photons !) HPK 1600pix Sudo @ JPS07 Uozumi@VCI2007 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  26. Recovery time evaluated by afterpulse • t=RQCD Oide@JPS2007 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  27. Two large scale applications in progress Scintillator+WLS fiber configuration • T2K experiment • On and Off axis detectors • ILC CALICE collaboration • HCAL scintillator tile calorimeter • ECAL tile/strip fiber readout 10k sample have already been examined in those porjects RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  28. T2K application Yokoyama@SLAC seminar RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  29. SiPM tile fibre system • SiPM developed by MPEPHI/PUSAR • Gain ~106, bias ~ 50 V, size 1 mm2, 1156 pixels • Eff (green) ~ 15%, quenching R ~ 1 – 10 M • SiPM tile fibre system integration: ITEP • 3x3x0.5 cm3 tiles from UNIPLAST, Russia • WLS fibre Kuraray Y11(300) 1mm • Matted edges, 2% light xtalk per edge • Faces covered with EM mirror foil F. Sfkow @PD07

  30. Tile HCAL testbeam prototype • 1 cubic metre • 38 layers, 2cm steel plates • 8000 tiles with SiPMs • Electronics based on CALICE ECAL design, common back-end and DAQ ASICs: LAL Boards: DESY DAQ: UK DESY DESY, Hamburg U, ITEP, MEPHI, LPI (Moscow) Northern Illinois LAL, Orsay Prague UK groups Tile sizes optimized for cost reasons F. Sfkow @PD07

  31. R&D for the applications in Cherenkov detector • Super-Bellle R&D • 1x1 to 3x3 mm2 are being studied (HPK) • Light collection system HERA-B • S. Korpar’s talk • Cosmic gamma ray telescope • Successful trial by MAGIC collaboration • Lorentz’s talk RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  32. SuperBelle R&D Yamaoka@JPS07 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  33. 顕微鏡写真 受光面に関して、3mmと1mmとはほぼ同じに見えている H-１ｍｍ H-３ｍｍ RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  34. 3. Test Installation of 4 MPPC in front Of the MAGIC camera Trigger by air shower C-light Comparison of signal in neighbor Pmt cells (9 cm**2) With 4 g-apd pixels (0.36 cm**2) Readout by 2 Ghz F-ADC E. Lorentz @PD07 For MAGIC collaboration

  35. Future improvements expected • Larger PDE • Wider Area • Lower Noise • Less crosstalk • Wider dynamic range • (and really cheaper price) RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  36. Larger PDE Higher fill factor is a key • MRS(Metal Resitive Semiconductor) APD (CPTA) • Backside illumination &Drift (MPI) RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  37. Wider area devices • 1.3mm to 3 mm device test in progress at several places. • Higher noise though, as expected. • Light collection. • Drift type device (MPI) S. Korpar@this WS H.G. Moser @PD7 RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  38. Less noise • Thinner epi layer (compromise long l sensitivity though) • Less defects. Epi quality or gettering technology. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  39. Less crosstalks • Separation trenches can help to reduce crosstalk rate. • There may be a side effect. Yamamoto@PD07 C. Piemonte@FNAL seminar RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  40. Summary • Multi pixel Geiger mode APD array is a very promising device for many fields where a detection of a few photons are critical. • We need a generic name for this devices like “PMT”. Let’s call them as “PPD”. • PPD for Imaging like RICH is being developed extensively. Wider area and lower noise at the same time are the key. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

  41. PDE measurement CW vs pulse Measured with photocurrent. From HPK catalogue Afterpulsing and cross talk should be taken into account. RICH2007 @Trieste Junji Haba, KEK

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