Drill, physical training & Physical Education in state schools

1. Drill, physical training & Physical Education in state schools Historical Studies

2. 1933 1902: Model Course PE State in Schools – Why Change? 1970 – 1980’s: National Curriculum 1950: Moving & Growing

3. The Model Course 1902 Learning Objectives; Understand the objectives, content and methodology of the Model Course. Know the reasons for change from this course.

4. Boer War – 1899 – 1902 First World War – 1914 – 18 Second World War – 1939 - 45

5. What we are interested in . . . • Objectives – aims or intentions of a lesson/syllabus, e.g. Physical or military fitness • Content - The subject matter or activities taught in the lesson, e.g. Weapons drills or games skills • Methodology – The teaching style used for delivery, e.g. Command or problem solving

6. For each stage: • WHAT • WHO • WHEN • WHERE • WHY • HOW

7. 1900

8. 1933

9. 1950

10. 1970

11. 1980

12. Possible Reasons for Change: • Educational philosophy • Idealism & accountability of teachers • Standards of living • Social class system • Provision • Teacher training • WAR • Health standards • National curriculum

13. 1902 Model CourseBackground • 40–60% of men presenting for service were physically unfit to fight. • This was the first time in which the government was forced to take notice of how unhealthy the British population was. • Rejected 380 out of each 1000 recruits

14. Humiliation of the British Army • Following the humiliation of the British Army by a small group of Dutch settlers in the Boer War the Generals and Politicians decided to blame: • The Board of Education (now called the DFES) and the War Office devised a new programme of PE called the Model Course of Physical Training. • Lack of Fitness of the soldiers. • Swedish Drill being taught in schools.

15. Colonel Fox • A long-serving army officer. • His regime involved basic military drill. • It was heavily criticised for treating children like soldiers.

18. End of 19th CenturyBackground • Board Schools – FORSTER EDUCATION ACT 1870 • Previously parish responsibility • 5 – 10 school compulsory • 1899 raised to 12 • Progress in terms of provision • Restricted space, no playing facilities

19. Influences • European Gymnastics; SWEEDISH & GERMAN • Board schools built to look like churches; no playing fields • Lack of equipment; Staves (dummy weapons)

21. German Gymnastics

22. German Gym

24. OBJECTIVES • Fitness for army recruits • Discipline • Give working class opportunity / public schools • 1870 military 1890 Swedish 1900 games alternative • Authoritarian/command • Taught by army non-commissioned officers 1870’s • Taught by qualified class teachers in 1890’s CONTENT METHODOLOGY

25. 1902 Model Course Background • Military needs greater than educational • Therapeutic approach abandoned • Girls and boys together • No change for age or gender • Treated as soldiers • NCO’s teachers • Dull/reptitive – CHEAP • Large numbers in a small space • Poor diet, bad housing, and other social deprivation • Lowered status of subject

26. Using background information can you come up with 1902: OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY

27. Objectives • Improve fitness for working class (for military service) • Training in handling of weapons • Discipline • Preparation for employment/ armed forces.

28. Content • Military Drill • Exercises • Weapon Training • Deep Breathing

29. Methodology • Command-response (for example, ‘Attention’, ‘Stand at Ease’, ‘Marching, about turn’) • Group response/no individuality • In ranks • Commands issued by NCO’s (Non commissioned Officers)

31. 1919 syllabus • Just after the WW1. • No public school generation. • Lack of fitness was blamed on the working class. • However Dr George Newman said that the lessons were not to blame and that they were ‘remedial exercises and morale-boosting recreational activities’.

32. Homework • Research and come to next lesson with a brief outline of the ‘Wall Street Crash’ • Can you discover any other significant events, happenings, people from 1930’s

33. 1930’s Background • Depression – working class unemployed (NO benefits) • ‘Syllabus of Physical Training’ – age differentiated +11 • Dr George Newman Taylor • Emphasis on skill and posture. A detailed respected syllabus • Newman stated that good nourishment, hygiene and physical training was required for normal healthy development.

34. The 1933 syllabus- playground games.

35. Using background information can you come up with 1933: OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY

36. Objectives • Therapeutic effect • Correction of posture faults and defects • Improvement to the circulatory system • Educational – develop alertness and decision making

37. Content • Athletics, gym and games skills were a feature along with group work • Group work was a central part of the lessons

38. Methodology Centralised: Teacher using an instructional style of teaching. Children doing the SAME tasks in unison. • Some decentralised parts to lesson • More teacher – pupil interaction. • 5 x 20 min lessons per week Decentralised: Teacher using a guided style of teaching. Children working at their OWN pace and answering in OWN style.