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History of Neurochemistry: Looking to the Past to Learn for the Future

Explore the chronological developments in neurochemistry from the pioneers to today's technological revolution. Discover the key milestones that shaped our understanding of the nervous system. Join us at the 39th ASN Annual Meeting for this enlightening workshop.

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History of Neurochemistry: Looking to the Past to Learn for the Future

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  1. San Antonio (TX) March 4th, 2008 39th ASN annual meeting W03 Workshop on History of Neurochemistry:Looking to the Past to Learn for the FutureHISTORY OF NEUROCHEMISTRY: FROM THE PIONEERS TO TODAY, A GREAT TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION Anne Boullerne, PhD University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Anesthesiology VA Medical Center, Chicago

  2. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1702 Antonie van Leeuvenhoek (Dutch) sees the cell nucleus with a home-made microscope (275X magnification). • 1791 Italians count Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani discover the electricity in frogs. • 1808 Alexander von Humboldt (German) confirms that electricity is present in animal in the electric eel of South America. • 1818 Mary Shelley (English) wrote the book “Frankenstein” when she was 18 years old. • 1830 Joseph Jackson Lister (English) develops the achromatic objective for microscope. • 1833 Christian Ehrenberg (German) documents cells from the nervous system under a microscope. • 1837 Robert Remak (German) sees a “medullary sheath” by teasing nerve fibers with a needle.

  3. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1839 Theodor Schwann (German) formulates the “Cell Theory for Animal Bodies” in which the cell is the functional basic unit of all developing and adult organisms. Clash with the reticular theory. • 1843 Rudolf Virchow (German) coins the term “glia” (glue in Greek) for glial cells because only neurons were visible. • 1858 Rudolf Virchow coins the name “myelin” derived from “myelos” (white bone marrow) to name the white medullary sheath around the nerves. • 1859 Charles Darwin (English) publishes the book “On the origin of species”. • 1860 Friedrich von Recklinghausen (German) publishes a method using silver nitrate to stain tissue. First silver staining of the nervous system.

  4. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience 1862 Paul Broca (French) observes language disturbance linked to a brain lesion. First localization of a brain function. The head below illustrates Phrenology started in 1810 by Franz Joseph Gall (German).

  5. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1875 Camillo Golgi (Italian) publishes a new silver potassium dichromate staining. First good staining of the entire cell for neurons and astrocytes. • 1878 Louis Ranvier (French) describes the nodes interspacing myelin in nerve fibers using the silver impregnation of Recklinghausen that stained only axons. • 1884 Johann Thudichum (German) publishes the first systemic chemical composition of the brain. • 1906 Ramon y Cajal (Spanish) and Camillo Golgi (Italian) shared the Nobel prize for their discovery of cells in the nervous system. • Birth of the neuron theory with the words of axon and synapse. Retina by Ramon y Cajal

  6. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1921 Otto Loewi (German) discovers neurotransmission in the peripheral nervous system with acetylcholine. He won the Nobel prize in 1936 and emigrated to US in 1940. • 1921 Rio-Hortega (Spanish) discovered microglia and oligodendrocyte with a new carbonate silver staining. He fled Spain in 1936 and emigrated to Argentina in 1940. • 1939-1945 World War II. Active research in nuclear physic and in pharmacology for the army. Development of organic solvents for lipids. • 1942 Ernst Klenk (German) isolated the complex lipid gangliosides.

  7. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1951 Jordi Folch-Pi (Spanish) and Marjorie Lees (US) extracted the first myelin protein proteolipid. Folch-Pi emigrated to US in 1936. • 1952 Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italian) discovered the Nerve Growth Factor. She emigrated to US in 1946 and won a Nobel prize in 1986. • 1954 Betty Geren (US) showed myelin is produced by Schwann cells by electron microscopy. • 1954 Marthe Vogt (German) evidenced neurotransmission in the central nervous system for adrenaline and noradrenaline. She emigrated to England in 1935. Spur of modern pharmacology. • 1957 Jordi Folch-Pi and Marjorie Lees published a method for lipid extraction from tissue. • 1962 Richard Bunge (US) showed myelin is made by oligodendrocyte by electron microscopy.

  8. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1964 William Norton and Marian Kies independently purify myelin and identify its lipid composition. • 1964 Elizabeth Roboz-Einstein and Marian Kies partially purified the myelin basic protein. • 1971 Ed Eylar sequenced the basic myelin protein (MBP). • 1971 Earl Sutherland won the Nobel prize for • cyclic AMP as second messenger of epinephrine: advent of transduction signaling. • 1973 Richard Quarles identified the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) with radioactive fucose. • Advent of the modern techniques mass spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray crystallography…

  9. Use of isotopes in Neurochemistry Starting in 1940’S Labeling isotopes can be separated based on their mass using mass spectrometry. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) detects the isotopic differences, but also gives an indication of the position of the atom. Radioactive isotopes are used. The radiation emitted by compounds containing the radioactive isotopes darkens a piece of photographic film: autoradiograph of gel electrophoresis. X-ray crystallography is determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal. A beam of X-rays is scattered from the electrons within the crystal and produces a three-dimensional picture of the molecule.

  10. Brief Chronology of Neuroscience • 1980’s: Advent of cell biology and molecular biology • 1971 Ed Eylar sequenced the basic myelin protein (MBP). • 1986 James Kamholz and Robert Lazzarini cloned the human gene for MBP. • 1969 Lawrence Eng discovered the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) from multiple sclerosis brain lesions. • 1985 Lewis and Cowan published the cloning of the mouse GFAP gene. • 1985 Hermona Soreq cloned the acetylcholinesterase gene in human brain.

  11. 21th century in Neurochemistry • Gliotransmitters • Second messengers • Signaling pathways • Oxidative processes • microRNA • Proteomics • Lipidomics • Glycomics • Genomics

  12. Start of Neurochemistry in 19th century Johann Thudichum (1829-1901) was the first pioneer of Neurochemistry. He published the first systemic molecular composition of the brain:“A treatise on the Chemical Constitution of the Brain” in 1884 He studied medicine and worked in the laboratory of chemist Justus von Liebig. The German physician later emigrated to England. Among the molecules he described in the brain are cephalin, sphingomyelin, galactose, lactic acid and sphingosine.

  13. Folch-Pi successor of Thudichum in 20th century JordiFolch-Pi (1911-1979)He published in 1957 a chloroform-methanol procedure to extract lipids from tissue with Marjorie Lees.He became the leader in lipid chemistry and his procedure was the second most cited paper after the Lowry procedure to dose proteins. He was born in Spain and emigrated to US in 1936. He worked for 30 years at the McLean Hospital in Boston. Over 30 trainees passed through his laboratory.

  14. 1970 Foundation of the American Society for Neurochemistry by JordiFolch-Pi and others.Francis LeBaron was the first president. First meeting in Albuquerque (New Mexico).

  15. Neurochemistry societies across the world Japanese Society for Neurochemistry JSN, founded in 1958

  16. Neurochemistry societies across the world International Society for Neurochemistry ISN, founded in 1965 1958

  17. Neurochemistry societies across the world American Society for Neurochemistry ASN, founded in 1970 1965 1958

  18. Neurochemistry societies across the world European Society for Neurochemistry ESN, founded in 1976 1965 1970 1958

  19. Neurochemistry societies across the world Sociedad Argentina de Neuroquimica SAN, founded in 1986 1965 1976 1970 1958

  20. Neurochemistry societies across the world Asian-Pacific Society of Neurochemistry APSN, founded in 1992 1965 1976 1970 1958 1986

  21. Neurochemistry societies across the world 1965 1976 1970 1958 1992 1986

  22. Main journals in Neurochemistry • Journal of Neurochemistry founded in 1956 • impact factor 4.26 • Neurochemical Research founded in 1976 • impact factor 2.14 • Journal of Neuroscience research founded in 1975 • impact factor 3.47 • Molecular Neurobiology founded in 1987 • impact factor 3.76

  23. The first chief editor of the Basic Neurochemistry textbook was George Siegel, succeeded by Scott Brady.

  24. ENDThank you

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