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HTML Origins and Evolution: Basics, Syntax, and Formatting

Learn the history and development of HTML from its origins to HTML5, covering basic syntax, document structure, text formatting, and links. Explore HTML tags, elements, attributes, and text styles to create web content.

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HTML Origins and Evolution: Basics, Syntax, and Formatting

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  1. CHAPTER 3HTML & XHTML

  2. 2 Origins & Evolution of HTML • Derived from SGML • Original intent: General layout of documents that could be displayed by a wide variety of computers • HTML standards by W3C: • The 1st HTML standard: HTML 2.0 – 1995 • HTML 3.2 – 1997 • HTML 4.01 - 1999 • XHTML 1.0 – 2000 (a redefinition of HTML 4.01 using XML) • XHTML 1.1 – 2001 • XHTML 2.0 • HTML 5 - HTML5 is still a work in progress. However, the major browsers support many of the new HTML5 elements and APIs. • HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML. • XHTML 5 is undergoing development, as part of the HTML5 specification.

  3. 3 HTML • HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language • An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags • The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page • An HTML file must have an ‘htm’ or ‘html’ file extension • An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor, like Notepad

  4. 4 BASIC SYNTAX • HTML elements are defined using HTML tags. • HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters <and > , called angle brackets • HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> • The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag • The text between the start and end tags is the element content • HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>

  5. 5 BASIC SYNTAX (continued) • This is an HTML element: <b>This text is bold</b> • What is the start tag, content of the HTML element and the end tag? • Tags can have attributes • Attributes can provide additional information about the HTML elements on your page. • Example, <body bgcolor="red"> • Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name="value" • Quote Styles, "red" or 'red'? • Comment form: <!-- … --> • Browsers ignore comments, unrecognizable tags,line breaks, multiple spaces, and tabs

  6. 6 HTML DOCUMENT STRUCTURE <html> <head> <title>Title of page</title> </head> <body> This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b> </body> </html> • The whole document must have <html> as its root • A document consists of a head and a body or frameset • The <title> tag is used to give the document a title, which is normally displayed in the browser’s window title bar (at the top of the display)

  7. 7 BASIC TEXT FORMATTING • Paragraph Elements • The <p> tag breaks the current line and inserts a blank line • The new line gets the beginning of the content of the paragraph • W3C HTML Validation Service • http://validator.w3.org/file-upload.html • Line breaks • The effect of the <br /> tag is the same as that of <p>, except for the blank line, No closing tag! • Example of paragraphs and line breaks On the plains of hesitation <p> bleach the bones of countless millions <br /> who, at the dawn of victory <br /> sat down to wait, and waiting, died. • What is the output of this code??

  8. 8 BASIC TEXT FORMATTING • Headings • Six sizes, 1 - 6, specified with <h1> to <h6> • 1, 2, and 3 use font sizes that are larger than the default font size • 4 uses the default size • 5 and 6 use smaller font sizes

  9. 9 BASIC TEXT FORMATTING • Font Styles and Sizes (can be nested) • Boldface - <b> • Italics - <i> • Larger - <big> • Smaller - <small> • Monospace - <tt> • Superscripts and subscripts • Subscripts with <sub> • Superscripts with <sup> • Example: x<sub>2</sub><sup>3</sup> • Display: x23 • All of this font size and font style stuff can be done with style sheets, but these tags are not yet deprecated

  10. 10 BASIC TEXT FORMATTING • Character Entities • There are some characters that HTML treats as special characters, so if you want one in a document, it must be coded • The Most Common Character Entities: • Horizontal rules • <hr /> draws a line across the display, after a line break

  11. 11 LINKS • A link is specified with the href (hypertext reference) attribute of <a>(anchor) tag • The content of <a> is the visual link in the document • The syntax of creating an anchor:  <a href="url">Text to be displayed</a> • This anchor defines a link to W3Schools: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools!</a> • How the line above will look like in a browser?? • Links can have images: <a href = "c210data.html" <imgsrc = "smallplane.jpg" alt = "Small picture of an airplane " />>Info on C210 </a>

  12. 12 LINKS • The Target Attribute • With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened. <a href=http://www.test.com/ target="_blank">Hi</a> • The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute • The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we can create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page. • The line below defines a named anchor: <a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a> • To link directly to the "tips" section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to the end of a URL, like this: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/links.htm#tips"> Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a> • A hyperlink to the Useful Tips Section from WITHIN the file "links.htm" will look like this:  <a href="#tips">Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

  13. 13 IMAGES • Images are inserted into a document with the <img /> tag with the src attribute • The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no closing tag. • srcstands for "source". The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display on your page. • The syntax of defining an image: <img src="url"> • The Alt attribute is used to define an "alternate text" for an image. The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text: <img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat"> • In which cases, the ALT attribute will be useful??

  14. 14 LISTS • Unordered Lists • The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles). • An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag <ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul> • Here is how it looks in a browser: • Coffee • Milk • Ordered Lists • The list items are marked with numbers. • An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. <ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol> • Here is how it looks in a browser: • Coffee • Milk

  15. 15 TABLES • A table is a matrix of cells, each possibly having content • The cells can include almost any element • A table is specified as the content of a <table> tag • A border attribute in the <table> tag specifies a border between the cells • Tables are given titles with the <caption> tag, which can immediately follow <table> • Each row of a table is specified as the content of a <tr> tag • The row headings are specified as the content of a <th> tag • The contents of a data cell is specified as the content of a <td> tag

  16. 16 TABLES <table border = "border"><caption> Fruit Juice Drinks </caption> <tr> <th> </th> <th> Apple </th> <th> Orange </th> <th> Screwdriver </th> </tr> <tr> <th> Breakfast </th> <td> 0 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 0 </td> </tr> <tr> <th> Lunch </th> <td> 1 </td> <td> 0 </td> <td> 0 </td> </tr> <tr> <th> Dinner </th> <td> 0 </td> <td> 0 </td> <td> 1 </td> </tr> </table>

  17. 17 TABLES • A table can have two levels of column labels • If so, the colspanattribute must be set in the <th> tag to specify that the label must span some number of columns <tr> <th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th> </tr> <tr> <th> Orange </th> <th> Apple </th> <th> Screwdriver </th> </tr>

  18. 18 TABLES • If the rows have labels and there is a spanning column label, the upper left corner must be made larger, using rowspan <table border = "border"> <caption> Fruit Juice Drinks and Meals </caption> <tr> <td rowspan = "2"> </td> <th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th> </tr> <tr> <th> Apple </th> <th> Orange </th> <th> Screwdriver </th> </tr> ………… </table>

  19. 19 TABLES • The align attribute controls the horizontal placement of the contents in a table cell • Values are left, right, and center • align is an attribute of <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements • The valign attribute controls the vertical placement of the contents of a table cell • Values are top, bottom, and center • valign is an attribute of <th> and <td> elements • The cellspacingattribute of <table> is used to specify the distance between cells in a table • The cellpaddingattribute of <table> is used to specify the spacing between the content of a cell and the inner walls of the cell

  20. 20 FRAMES • Frames are rectangular sections of the display window, each of which can display a different document • One common use of frames is to have a list of links in a left frame and use the right frame to display the destination document of the chosen link • The <frameset> tag specifies the number of frames and their layout in the window • <frameset> takes the place of <body>- Cannot have both! • <frameset> must have either a rows attribute or a cols attribute, or both (usually the case) • The possible values for rows and cols are numbers, percentages, and asterisks • A number value specifies the row height in pixels - Not terribly useful! • A percentage specifies the percentage of total window height for the row - Very useful!

  21. 21 FRAMES • An asterisk after some other specification gives the remainder of the height of the window • Examples: <frameset rows = "150, 200, 300"> <frameset rows = "25%, 50%, 25%"> <frameset rows = "50%, 20%, *" > <frameset rows = "50%, 25%, 25%“ cols = "40%, *"> • The <frame> tag specifies the content of a frame • The first <frame> tag in a <frameset> specifies the content of the first frame, etc. • Row-major order is used • Frame content is specified with the src attribute • Without a src attribute, the frame will be empty (such a frame CANNOT be filled later)

  22. 22 FRAMES • Scrollbars are implicitly included if needed (they are needed if the specified document will not fit) • If a name attribute is included, the content of the frame can be changed later (by selection of a link in some other frame) <!-- frames.html An example to illustrate frames --> <html> <head> <title> Frames </title> </head> <frameset cols = "20%, *"> <frame src = "contents.html” /> <frame src = "fruits.html" name = "descriptions” /> </frameset> </html>

  23. 23 FRAMES <!-- contents.html - The contents of the first frame of frames.html, which is the table of contents for the second frame --> <html> <head> <title> Table of Contents Frame </title> </head> <body> <h4> Fruits </h4> <ul> <li> <a href = "apples.html" target = "descriptions"> apples </a> <li> <a href = "bananas.html" target = "descriptions"> bananas </a> <li> <a href = "oranges.html" target = "descriptions"> oranges </a> </ul> </body> </html>

  24. 24 FRAMES

  25. 25 FRAMES • Nested frames - to divide the screen in more interesting ways <frameset cols = "40%, *"> <frameset rows = "50%, *"> <frame src = "frame1.html" /> <frame src = "frame2.html" /> </frameset> <frameset rows = "20%, 35%, *"> <frame src = "frame3.html" /> <frame src = "frame4.html" /> <frame src = "frame5.html" /> </frameset> </frameset>

  26. 26 FRAMES

  27. 27 FORMS • A form is the usual way information is gotten from a browser to a server • HTML has tags to create a collection of objects that implement this information gathering • The objects are called widgets (e.g., radio buttons and checkboxes) • When the Submit button of a form is clicked, the form’s values are sent to the server • All of the widgets, or components of a form are defined in the content of a <form> tag • The only required attribute of <form> is action, which specifies the URL of the application that is to be called when the Submit button is clicked action = http://www.cs.ucp.edu/cgi-bin/survey.pl • If the form has no action, the value of action is the empty string

  28. 28 FORMS • The method attribute of <form> specifies one of the two possible techniques of transferring the form data to the server, get and post. • What are differences between these two methods? • Widgets • Many are created with the <input> tag- The type attribute of <input> specifies the kind of widget being created • Text • Creates a horizontal box for text input • Default size is 20; it can be changed with the sizeattribute • If more characters are entered than will fit, the box is scrolled (shifted) left • If you don’t want to allow the user to type more characters than will fit, set maxlength, which causes excess input to be ignored <input type = "text" name = "Phone" size = "12" >

  29. 29 FORMS • Checkboxes - to collect multiple choice input • Every checkbox requires a value attribute, which is the widget’s value in the form data when the checkbox is ‘checked’ • A checkbox that is not ‘checked’ contributes no value to the query string • By default, no checkbox is initially ‘checked’ • To initialize a checkbox to ‘checked’, the checked attribute must be set to "checked"

  30. 30 FORMS Grocery Checklist <form action = ""> <p> <input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries" value = "milk" checked = "checked"> Milk <br/> <input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries" value = "bread"> Bread <br/> <input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries" value= "eggs"> Eggs </p> </form>

  31. 31 FORMS • Radio Buttons - collections of checkboxes in which only one button can be ‘checked’ at a time • Every button in a radio button group MUST have the same name • If no button in a radio button group is ‘pressed’, the browser often ‘presses’ the first one Age Category <form action = ""> <p> <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "under20" checked = "checked"> 0-19 <br/> <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "20-35"> 20-35 <br/> <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "36-50"> 36-50 <br/> <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "over50"> Over 50 </p> </form>

  32. 32 FORMS • Menus - created with <select> tags • There are two kinds of menus, those that behave like checkboxes and those that behave like radio buttons (the default) • Menus that behave like checkboxes are specified by including the multiple attribute, which must be set to "multiple“ • The name attribute of <select> is required • The size attribute of <select> can be included to specify the number of menu items to be displayed (the default is 1) • If size is set to > 1 or if multiple is specified, the menu is displayed as a pop-up menu • Each item of a menu is specified with an <option> tag, whose pure text content (no tags) is the value of the item • An <option> tag can include the selected attribute, which when assigned "selected" specifies that the item is pre-selected

  33. 33 FORMS Grocery Menu - milk, bread, eggs, cheese <form action = ""> <p> With size = 1 (the default) <select name = "groceries"> <option> milk </option> <option> bread </option> <option> eggs </option> <option> cheese </option> </select> </p> </form>

  34. 34 FORMS • After clicking the menu • After changing the size to 2

  35. 35 FORMS • Text areas - created with <textarea> • Usually include the rows and cols attributes to specify the size of the text area • Default text can be included as the content of <textarea> • Scrolling is implicit if the area is overfilled Please provide your employment aspirations <form action = ""> <p> <textarea name = "aspirations" rows = "3” cols = "40"> (Be brief and concise) </textarea> </p> </form>

  36. 36 FORMS • Reset and Submit buttons • Both are created with <input> <input type = "reset" value = "Reset Form"> <input type = "submit” value = "Submit Form"> • Submit has two actions: • Encode the data of the form • Request that the server execute the server-resident program specified as the value of the action attribute of <form> • A Submit button is required in every form --> SHOW a browser display of a form

  37. 37 EXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)

  38. 38 WHAT IS XHTML? • XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language • XHTML is aimed to replace HTML • XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01 • XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML • XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application • XHTML 1.0 became an official W3C Recommendation January 26, 2000. • All new browsers support XHTML

  39. 39 WHY XHTML? • The following HTML code will work fine if you view it in a browser, even if it does not follow the HTML rules: <html> <head> <title>This is bad HTML</title> <body> <h1>Bad HTML </body> • XML is a markup language where everything has to be marked up correctly, which results in "well-formed" documents. • XML was designed to describe data and HTML was designed to display data.  • XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML • Today's market consists of different browser technologies • Browsers run internet on computers, mobile phones and handhelds.

  40. 40 WHY XHTML? • XHTML pages can be read by all XML enabled devices AND while waiting for the rest of the world to upgrade to XML supported browsers, XHTML gives you the opportunity to write "well-formed" documents now, that work in all browsers and that are backward browser compatible !!!

  41. 41 XHTML VS HTML • XHTML elements must be properly nested <b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b> • XHTML documents must be well-formed <html> <head> ... </head> <body> ... </body> </html> • Tag names must be in lowercase <BODY><P>This is a paragraph</P></BODY> [WRONG!!] <body><p>This is a paragraph</p></body> [CORRECT!!] • All XHTML elements must be closed <p>This is a paragraph</p> • Empty elements must either have an end tag or the start tag must end with />, any EXAMPLE???

  42. 42 XHTML SYNTAX Some More XHTML Syntax Rules: • Attribute names must be in lower case • Attribute values must be quoted • Attribute minimization is forbidden • The id attribute replaces the name attribute • The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements • All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE declaration. • The html, head and body elements must be present, and the title must be present inside the head element. • The DOCTYPE declaration is not a part of the XHTML document itself. It is not an XHTML element, and it should not have a closing tag.

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