Chapter 18: Alliances, War and a Troubled Peace Pg# 663-702

1. Chapter 18: Alliances, War and a Troubled PeacePg# 663-702 The Western Heritage Since 1300

2. Learning Objectives 1. Why did the alliance system fail? 2. How did conflict in the Balkans lead to the outbreak of general war in Europe? 3. What factors made the rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia possible? 4. What were the immediate consequences of the end of World War I? 5. What were the key weaknesses of the Paris peace settlement?

3. Chapter Outline I. Emergence of the German empire and the alliance system (1873-1890) II. World War I III. The Russian Revolution IV. The End of World War I V. The Settlement at Paris VI. In perspective

4. Vocabulary • Fourteen Points(689) • League of Nations(697) • mandates(692) • war guilt clause(698)

5. Chapter Outline The First World War The Home Front The Russian Revolution The Peace Settlement

6. Questions to Ponder… What caused the Great War? How did the war lead to revolution and the fall of empires? How and why did war and revolution have such enormous and destructive consequences? How did the years of trauma and bloodshed form elements of today’s world, many of which people now accept and even cherish

7. Political Alliances within Europe

8. Political Alliances within Europe The Alliance System After 1871 Bismarck’s subtle diplomacy maintained reasonably good relations among the eastern monarchies—Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary—and kept France isolated. The situation changed dramatically in 1891, when the Russian-French Alliance divided the Great Powers into two fairly equal military blocs

9. Imperial Germany Otto von Bismarck, 1815-1898 Csar Nicholas II of Russia Queen Victoria of Great Britain Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary A. The Bismarck system of alliances 1. Germany most powerful European country after 1871 (though Great Britain still had larger navy). 2. Bismarck sought to keep peace in Europe via alliances 3. Three Emperor’s League-Austria, Russia, Germany, created 1873 to maintain status quo; Austrian-German Alliance of 1879; Alliance of Three Emperors 1881 4. Due to political tensions with France, Italy joined Germany and Austria in Triple Alliance (1882) 5. 1887-Russian/German Reinsurance Treaty promised neutrality by each other if other side attacked

10. German Imperialism German Warships Under Full Steam As these impressive ships engaged in battle exercises in 1907 suggest, Germany did succeed in building a large modern navy. But Britain was equally determined to maintain its naval superiority, and the spiraling arms race helped poison relations between the two countries.

14. Royalty in Europe

15. The Rival Blocks Kaiser Wilhelm II of Imperial Germany 7. German build-up of navy under Tirpitz led to open arms race with Britain B. Rival Empires 1. William II dismissed Bismarck, terminated German/Russian Treaty; forced Russian/French Alliance 2. Under Wilhelm II, German/British natural alliance deteriorated into rivalry 3. Boer war in South Africa, German envy of British imperialism, as well as economic and military rivalry drove Germans & British apart 4. Britain allied with Japan; Britain formed entente with France 1904-Anglo/French entente of 1904 5. Algerciras Conference (1906) left Germany isolated 6. Germany did not trust rest of Europe, rest of Europe came to see Germany as a threat

16. The Trenches of World War I

17. Outbreak of War in Balkans 6. Serbian ally Russia ordered full mobilization against Austria-Hungary and Germany 7. Germany invaded France via Belgium 8. Great Britain joined France and declared war on Germany C. Outbreak of War 1. Nationalism in the Balkans threatened the Ottoman Empire and European peace 2. 1878 Congress of Berlin resolved some of the issues with partial division of Turkish (Ottoman) possessions in Europe; independence of Serbia, Rumania, part of Bulgaria; Austria received Bosnia and Herzegovina 3. Serbian expansion, dispute with Bulgaria led to 2nd Balkan war of 1913 4. Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand(1914) led to war between Serbia and Austria 5. Germany responded with “blank check”, assistance to Austria-Hungary

18. The Balkans The Balkans After the Congress of Berlin, 1878 The Ottoman Empire suffered large territorial losses but remained a power in the Balkans The Balkans in 1914 Ethnic boundaries did not follow political boundaries, and Serbian national aspirations threatened Austria-Hungary

19. Nationalists in the Balkans Nationalist Opposition in the Balkans This band of well-armed and determined guerrillas from northern Albania was typical of groups fighting against Ottoman rule in the Balkans. Balkan nationalists succeeded in driving the Ottoman Turks out of most of Europe, but their victory increased tensions with Austria-Hungary and among the Great Powers.

20. The rush to war…

23. French and German Attack Plans

25. von Schlieffen Plan

27. The 1st Battle of the Marne E. 1st Battle of the Marne 1. September 1914 2. Part of original Schlieffen plan(German) though when British troops intervened German drive stopped, stalemate ensued 3. Allied losses: 250,000; German losses: 300,000

28. Early German advances, summer 1914

29. Stalemate and Slaughter F. Stalemate and Slaughter 1. After the Marne, trench warfare became the norm rather than the exception in this war 2. Battles at the Somme and Verdun would cost thousands of lives with no significant gain on either side 3. French army almost destroyed at Champagne (1917) while British forces suffered horrendous losses at Passchendaele

30. The Western Front The First World War in Europe Trench warfare on the western front was concentrated in Belgium and northern France, while the war in the east encompassed an enormous territory.

31. Trench Warfare

32. German hand-to-hand fighting, Battle of Frontiers

33. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 170A 4 of 8

34. Armenian Genocide The Armenian Atrocities When in 1915 some Armenians welcomed Russian armies as liberators after years of persecution, the Ottoman government ordered a genocidal mass deportation of its Armenian citizens from their homeland in the empire’s eastern provinces. This photo, taken in Kharpert in 1915 by a German businessman from his hotel window, shows Turkish guards marching Armenian men off to a prison, where they will be tortured to death. A million Armenians died from murder, starvation, and disease during World War I

35. The Eastern Front G. The Widening War 1. Russia pushed into eastern Germany but battles of Tannenberg & Masurian lakes led to German victories in the fall of 1914; Russia would suffer 2.5 million lost soldiers 1st year of war 2. Despite losses to Serbia in initial battles, Austria & Germany would ultimately defeat Russia Serbia 3. Italy & Bulgaria (1915) entered war; Italy did so for promises of territory 4. With Arab help, Britain defeated Ottoman Empire(1918); though British defeated in battle in Dardenelles (Gallipoly) 5. War became global as Great Britain, France and Japan seized German territories 6. United States entered the war in 1917

36. German throwing a hand grenade during a gas attack…

37. British soldiers prepare to deal with poison gas

40. World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Color Transparency 158: The Sopwith Camel 5 of 8

43. War and Hunger-now you must accompany us to the end”

45. British trench maps, Western Front

47. Europe, Post World War I Shattered Empires and Territorial Changes After World War I The Great War brought tremendous changes in eastern Europe. New nations and new boundaries were established, generally on the principle of national self-determination. A dangerous power vacuum was created by the new, usually small states established between Germany and Soviet Russia.•1 Identify the boundaries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia in 1914, and note carefully the changes caused by the war.•2 What territory did Germany lose, and why did France, Poland, and even Denmark receive it? Why was Austria sometimes called a head without a body in the 1920s?•3 What new independent states (excluding disputed Bessarabia) were formed from the old Russian empire, and what nationalities lived in these states?

48. Partition of the Ottoman Empire The Partition of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1923 By 1914 the Ottoman Turks had been pushed out of the Balkans, and their Arab provinces were on the edge of revolt. That revolt, in alliance with the British, erupted in the First World War and contributed greatly to the Ottomans’ defeat. Refusing to grant independence to the Arabs, the Allies established League of Nations mandates and replaced Ottoman rulers in Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine.