Introduction to strategic management

1. Introduction to strategic management Dr Bryan Mills

2. Topics • Definitions • Information • Mission/vision/objectives • Gap analysis • KPI • Multinationals • PLC • Benchmarking

3. Definitions • Strategic Planning • Overall policies and objectives • Management Control • Effective and efficient use of resources • Operational Control • Specific tasks are effective and efficient

4. Definitions • Planning……………………….. • Decision making………………… • Strategic decisions……………….. • Control………………….

5. Information • Future Uncertainty • Forecasts and Estimates • Use of sensitivity analysis • DCF • Project evaluation • Managing cash and operations • Post implementation review

6. The issues: • What makes estimating hard? • Financial Reporting • Treatment of overheads • Neat rather than useful • Internal focus • Infelxible • Historic costs • Strategic issues • Complex models

8. Mission versus Vision • Vision – Where is the business going (to)? • Mission – What is the business for?

9. Vision • What the business is now • What it could be in an ideal world • What the ideal world would be like

10. Our vision: to become the world's leading company for automotive products and services. • Our mission: we are a global, diverse family with a proud heritage, passionately committed to providing outstanding products and services. • Our values: We do the right thing for our people, our environment and our society, but above all for our customers.

11. Guess who • to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. • and: • Leading in our chosen markets • Delivering an outstanding client experience based on excellence in sales, service and solutions • Achieving a superior, ethically based, long-term return for our shareholders • Building highly motivated, high-performance teams • Creating a challenging, rewarding and fun work environment

12. Mission

13. Mission • Brief, flexible, distinctive and open-ended • Identity of whom the organisation exist to benefit • Nature of the firms business • Ways of competing (price, etc.) • Principles of business • Commitment to customers

14. Mission and Planning • Inspires planning • Screens new plans • Affects the implementation

15. Goals and Objectives • Goals – long term • Objectives – short-term to achieve goals • Goals expressed as SMART objectives • Specific • Measurable • Attainable • Result-oriented • Time-bound

16. Goal Congruence • Across departments – horizontal • At all levels – vertical • Over time

17. Goal types

18. Goal Setting • Top-down • Bottom-up • By precedent- historic • By diktat • By consensus

19. Goal Setting • Political process involving bargaining • Shareholder – profits • Employees – salaries • Managers – power • Customers – quality • Conflict between these objectives?

20. Corporate Objectives • Corporate – whole • Profit; market share; growth; cashflow; ROCE; risk; Customer satisfaction; quality; Industrial relations; Added value; EPS • Unit – individual unit • Commercial – increase number of customers (sales dept.) • Public sector – more nursery places (LEA) • General – resources; market; staff development; innovation; productivity; technology

21. Primary and Secondary Obj. • ‘opportunity cost’ of objectives • Limit to the number of objectives a manger can pursue • Should be one primary core objective • And other secondary objective • Primary – growth in profits • Secondary – sales growth; innovation; quality; resource management

22. Secondary • Financial • Technology • Product design and development • R&D • Quality • Product market • Market leader • Coverage (range) • Position • Expansion

23. Ranking objectives and trade-offs • Never enough time • Degrees of achievement • 15% sales growth; 10% profit growth, £2m negative cashflow; reduced quality • 8% sales growth; 5% profit growth, £0.5m positive cashflow; quality

24. Department plans and objectives • Document the responsibility • Prepare responsibility charts • Manager’s main objective • Programme for achieving that • Sub-objectives • Critical assumptions • Prepare activity schedules

25. Hierarchy of objectives

26. Social Audit • Recognise rationale for engaging • Identify programme which are congruent with mission • Determine objectives and priorities • Specify nature and range of resources required • Evaluate company involvement in programmes past, present and future

27. Ethics and ethical conduct • Social responsibilities – general stance • Ethics – how we (organisations) conduct ourselves • Amoral – ACCA – condone any action that help aim. Definition – right or wrong not valid • Legalistic – letter of law only • Responsive – see gain in ethics • Emerging ethical (ethically engaged) – active • Ethical organisations – total ethical profile

28. Impact of corporate code • Commitment by senior management • Discourage previous behaviour • Staff need to be onboard • Tension between code and performance • Statement of ethical conduct and specific codes of practice

29. Gap Analysis • Gap analysis –compare ultimate objective with expected performance • Determine targets • Establish what would happen if we did nothing • Planning gap • Between forecast position from carrying on as is (NOT where we are now) and forecast desired

30. Gap Analysis M Share Want Strategic Operational Carry on as is Time

31. Gap and ANSOFF Target Profit/market share Market pen. Product dev. Improve existing Forecast min

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33. Strategic choice • Strategic Options Generation • Creative • Strategic Options Evaluation • Acceptable • Sustainable • Feasible • Environmentally fit • Strategic Selection • Competitive strategy • How to • Market strategy • Where to • Institutional strategy • Method (relationship with other organisations)

34. Assessment Assess the internal environment, Strengths and Weaknesses Assess external environment, Opportunities and Threats, Political, Economic, Social and Technological Mission Develop mission statement, or if one already exists establish how it relates to the above assessment Objectives Develop objectives using mission and assessment Evaluate Consider alternative ways of achieving these objectives Create Corporate Plan Develop a corporate plan featuring the above objectives and mission.

35. What do you think are the differences between Strategic and Operational?

36. Discuss • Unrealistic plans • Inconsistent goals • Poor communication • Inadequate performance measurement

37. Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts • False alarms • Disproportionate focus on direct costs • Efficiency v effectiveness • Machine standard hour irrelevant as long as capacity exists • Gaps missed • New products • Customer satisfaction • Employee involvment

38. Strategic control

39. Critical Success Factors • Money: positive cash flow, revenue growth, and profit margins. • Your future: Acquiring new customers and/or distributors. • Customer satisfaction: How happy are they? • Quality: How good is your product and service? • Product or service development: What's new that will increase business with existing customers and attract new ones? • Intellectual capital: Increasing what you know that's profitable. • Strategic relationships: New sources of business, products and outside revenue. • Employee attraction and retention: Your ability to do extend your reach. • Sustainability: Your personal ability to keep it all going.

40. Four basic types of CSFs according to Rockart: • Industry CSFs resulting from specific industry characteristics; • Strategy CSFs resulting from the chosen competitive strategy of the business; • Environmental CSFs resulting from economic or technological changes; and • Temporal CSFs resulting from internal organizational needs and changes. • http://www.e-competitors.com/Strategy/SBUPlanning/SBUPositioning/SBU_Critical.htm

41. Strategic Performance Measures • Desirable Features • Focus on long run • Identify and communicate drivers of success • Support organisational learning • Basis for reward • Characteristics • Measurable; Meaningful; Defined by Srtat.; Consistent; Re-evaluated Regularly; Acceptable

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43. PLC

44. Multinationals • Central headquarters in one country and subsidiaries on others • Extend PLCycle • Less competition • High growth • Reduce risk

45. Competitive Strategy (multinational) • Cost Leadership – economies of scale • Differentiation – new product for overseas • Focus – core segment of customers • Pre-empt competition from overseas

46. Can you think of some other reasons/problems?

47. Control and Structure Global Matrix

48. Protectionism • Tariffs – tax on import. %of value (ad valorem) or per unit (specific) • Quota – limit on quantity • Minimum local content rules • Minimum prices – anti-dumping • Embargos • Subsidies for domestic • Bureaucracy • Exchange Controls and Policy

49. Benchmarking • Internal • Functional – regardless of industry • Competitive- direct competition • Strategic – action and change

50. Stages of Benchmarking • Set objectives • KPI • Select organisations • Measure • Comapre • Design improvements • Monitor