Evaluation of Financial Performance

1. 3 Evaluation of Financial Performance

2. Introduction • This chapter introduces financial statement analysis techniques that are used to accurately evaluate a company’s performance.

3. Financial Ratios Are Used By • Management for planning and evaluating • Credit managers to estimate the riskiness of potential borrowers • Investors to evaluate corporate securities • Managers to identify and assess potential merger candidates

4. Ratio Classifications • Liquidity • Asset management • Financial leverage management • Profitability • Market-based • Dividend policy

5. Major Financial Statements • Balance sheet • Common-sized balance sheet shows assets, liabilities, and equity as a percent of total assets. • Income statement • Common-sized income statement shows income and expense items as a percent of net sales. • Statement of cash flows

6. Liquidity Ratios • Current ratio = • Quick ratio = Current assets Current liabilities Current assets – Inventories Current liabilities

7. Asset Management Ratios • Avg. collection period = • Inventory turnover = • Fixed-asset turnover = • Total asset turnover = Accounts receivable Annual credit sales/365 Cost of sales Average inventory Sales Net fixed assets Sales Total assets

8. Financial Leverage Management Total debtTotal assets • Debt ratio = • Debt-to-equity ratio = • Times interest earned = • Fixed charge coverage = Total debtTotal equity EBIT Interest charges EBIT + Lease pmts Interest + Lease pmt + P/S div before tax + Before tax sinking fund

9. Profitability Ratios Sales – Cost of sales Sales • Gross profit margin = • Net profit margin = • ROI = • ROE = EATSales EAT Total assets EAT Stockholders’ equity

10. Market-Based Ratios • P/E ratio = • Market to book ratio = Marketing price per shareCurrent earnings per share Market price per share Book value per share

11. Dividend Policy Ratios • Payout ratio = • Dividend yield = Dividends per share EPS Expected dividends per share Stock price

12. Trend analysis20X0 X1 X2 XYZ current ratio 1.9 2.2 2.3 Cross-sectional analysis20X2 XYZ current ratio 2.3 Industry norms 2.5 Both simultaneously20X0 X1 X2 XYZ current ratio 1.9 2.2 2.3 Industry norms 2.5 2.4 2.5 Financial Ratio Analysis

13. Relationships Among Ratios EAT Sales Sales Total assets EAT Total assets  = • ROI = • ROE = • ROE = EAT Sales Sales Total assets Total assets Equity   Net profit margin Total assets turnover Equity multiplier  

14. Dupont Analysis • An excellent way to present ratio analysis for an assignment or for an on-the-job presentation

15. Dun and Bradstreet Robert Morris Associates Prentice-Hall’s Almanac of Business and Industrial Ratios Moody’s Standard and Poor’s Annual reports 10Ks Trade associations Trade journals Commercial banks Financial Research Associates Computerized databases Sources of Information

16. Sources of Information on the Web • http://finance.yahoo.com/ • http://www.onlinewbc.org/docs/finance/index.html • http://www.dnbcorp.com/ • http://www.rmahq.org/ • http://www.sec.gov/ • http://www.moodys.com/ • http://www.hoovers.com/ • http://www.bloomberg.com/

17. Quality and Financial Analysis • The quality of a firm’s earnings is positively related to the proportion of cash earnings to total earnings and to the proportion of recurring income to total income. • The quality of a firm’s balance sheet is positively related to the ratio of the market value of the firm’s assets to book value of the assets and inversely related to the amount of its hidden liabilities.

18. Problems in Reporting • Time of revenue recognition • Establishment of reserves • Amortization of intangible assets • Including all losses and debt • “Pro forma” profitability measures

19. Balance Sheet Quality Issues • Charging off assets • Hidden liabilities • Hidden assets • Off balance sheet financing

20. Analysis Based on the Market Value of the Firm • Market value added (MVA) = Market value – Capital • The capital market’s assessment of the accumulated NPV of all of the firm’s past and present projected investment projects • Economic value added (EVA) = (r – k)  Capital • The yearly contribution of a firm’s operations to the creation of MVA

21. Problems Caused by Inflation • Inventory profit as a result of timing of price increases • Inventory valuation methods • (LIFO) • (FIFO) • Rising interest rates causing a decline in the value of long-term debt • Differences in the reporting of earnings • Recognition of sales

22. The Cash Flow Concept • Accounting income vs. Cash flow • Cash flow is the relevant source of value for the firm. • ATCF = EAT + Noncash charges • Noncash charges = Depreciation + Deferred taxes

23. Statement of Cash Flow • Presents the effects of operating, investing, and financing on the cash balance • Direct method presents the effects to net cash provided by operating, investing, and financing. • Indirect method presents the adjustments to net income showing the effects to net cash. • Used for public financial reports • The final results for both are identical.

24. Complex International Aspects of Financial Statement Analysis • Influenced by fluctuating exchange rates • Statement of Accounting Standards No. 52 deals with foreign currency translation.

25. Accuracy of Financial Statements • External auditor • Generally accepted accounting principles • Corporations pose for a financial statement like people pose for a picture.