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Cyc

Cyc. Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems. Overview. Cyc: an “ontology editor” and more CycL: more expressive than frames OE: “Editing the ontology” the traditional way through natural language. More than an “ontology editor”. Knowlege Base (KB) commonsense knowledge

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Cyc

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  1. Cyc Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems

  2. Overview • Cyc: an “ontology editor” and more • CycL: more expressive than frames • OE: “Editing the ontology” • the traditional way • through natural language

  3. More than an “ontology editor” • Knowlege Base (KB) • commonsense knowledge • not-so-commonsense knowledge • Inference • Modus Ponens: P implies Q; P; hence, Q. • HL modules: specialized reasoners • Natural Language Processing • parsing: English to CycL • generation: CycL to English

  4. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  5. 1. Constants not OOP objects • Constants • entities: #$OsamaBinLaden, #$Texas • collections: #$Pizza, #$NaturalNumber • predicates: #$likesAsFriend, #$isa, #$genls • functions: #$GovernmentFn, #$MotherFn • quantifiers: #$forAll, #$thereExists • The meaning of a constant: • The set of sentences in the KB involving it • NOT the set of its slot values

  6. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  7. 2. >binary predicates in Cyc • #$behaviorCapable, for example • #$arity: 3 • #$arg1Isa: #$SomethingExisting • #$arg2Isa: #$Collection • #$arg2Genl: #$Situation-Temporal • #$arg3Isa: #$Role • (#$behaviorCapable #$Bill #$Swimming #$performedBy)

  8. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  9. 3. Quantifiiers in Cyc (forAll ?X (implies (isa ?X Woman) (thereExists ?Y (and (isa ?Y Man) (loves ?Y ?X))))) • not possible with frames

  10. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  11. 4. Modals in Cyc • #$beliefs, for example: (#$beliefs #$Pierre (#$equals #$SexualArousal #$Pity)) (Cyc Assertion 1204909) • not possible with frames

  12. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  13. 5. Meta-Assertions in Cyc (#$salientAssertions #$Roland M(#$fanOf #$Roland #$KingCrimson-MusicGroup))) • not possible with frames • b/c there is no assertion object to refer to

  14. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  15. 6. Self-Referentiality • Assertions about Cyc(L), in Cyc(L) • #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, #$arity • #$Relation, #$Quantifier, #$EL-Variable • #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate • #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate • #$CycL • #$Cyc

  16. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  17. 7. Implicit inverses • Inverses: for example • (#$mother ?kid ?mom) = kid’s mother is mom • (#$motherOf ?mom ?kid) = ditto • so #$motherOf and #$mother are inverses • Can be implicitly represented in CycL • In a frames system, you have to explicitly represent the inverse of every predicate, which is wasteful.

  18. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  19. Now let’s play

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