The “ basal ” angiosperms - paraphyletic assemblage - not a formal taxon recognition

1. The “basal” angiosperms - paraphyletic assemblage - not a formal taxon recognition Chapter 7 Simpson, 2nd Edition

2. Taxonomic Recognition • APG III • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009 • Cladistic analysis of molecular data (1993-2007) • Recognize monophyletic families (-aceae) • Orders (-ales) are monophyletic • “convenient placeholders for 1 or more families that appear to comprise a monophyletic group with relatively high certainty” • Monophyletic groups containing several orders are recognized (-ids), monocots, dicots • Magnoliids, Commelinids, Rosids, Fabids, Malvids, Asterids, Lamiids, Campanulids

3. 75% diversity 22% diversity

4. Basal Angiosperms male flowers P 5-8 A ∞ A. Order Amborellales Amborellaceae Amborellatricopoda 1/1 (genus/species) - evergreen shrub of New Caledonia - vessel-less, dioecious, small flowers - laminar stamens, apocarpous, apically-open G - lacks aromatic oil cells (present in rest of basals) female flowers P 5-8 G 5-6, superior apically-open G staminode perianth parts laminar stamens

5. Developmental transition between leaf-like bracts and perianth, perianth and stamens, and between stamens and carpels. Stamens are laminar (leaf-like) and the carpels are sealed by a secretion of sticky fluid, rather than developmentally fused as in most angiosperms. Doug & Pam Soltis Amborella Genome Project

7. flower of Nuphar flower of Nymphae leaves of Victoria Basal Angiosperms K 4-6 C 8-∞ A∞ G 3-∞ superior or inferior B. Order Nymphaeales vessel-less, perennial aquatics Nymphaeaceae 6/60 (genera/species) tropical/temperate regions 1) large floating leaves (cordate or orbicular) 2) conspicuous, actinomorphic flowers floating to emergent 3) numerous floral parts, mostly spiral Water Babies plants of Nymphae

8. Basal Angiosperms Flower with numerous spiral perianth & stamens Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Numerous perianth parts & stamens, inferior ovary outer, laminar to inner stamens Ovary cross-section

9. Basal Angiosperms Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae

10. Basal Angiosperms Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae

11. Basal Angiosperms Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphae and Nuphar in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

13. Magnoliids Cinnamomum: cinnamon, camphor (oils) Persea (avocado) Sassafras flowers P 3+3 A 3-12+ G 1 , superior rarely inferior, hypanthium C. Order Laurales Lauraceae 45/2200 1) shrubs or trees 2) aromatic oil glands on evergreen leaves 3) undifferentiated perianth 4) widespread in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide 5) Note floral parts in 3’s which is considered a “monocot” trait - more later on this A symbol of victory the laurel of ancient history was fashioned into crowns for triumphant heroes and into wreaths for distinguished poets and scholars. From this come the terms poet laureate and baccalaureate (laurel berry), also the expression “resting on his laurels”. The familiar bay leaves of the kitchen are dried laurel leaves used to enhance soups, stews and sauces. Laurus nobilis leaves (bay leaves)

14. Magnoliids P∞ A∞ G∞, superior D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 7/200 SE U.S. • trees or shrubs • actinomorphic, solitary showy flowers with undifferentiated petaloid perianth

15. elongate receptacle many spirally arranged floral parts fruit a follicle (note one red seed from each carpel Magnoliids P∞ A∞ G∞, superior D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 3) elongate receptacle 4) many spirally arranged floral parts 5) fruit = follicle

16. Saucer Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Magnoliids D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae

17. Magnoliids D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera • (Tulip tree, a valuable lumber species)