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Biodiesel 102 Daniel Geller – UGA Engineering Outreach engr.uga/service/outreach

Biodiesel 102 Daniel Geller – UGA Engineering Outreach http://www.engr.uga.edu/service/outreach. Biodiesel Production. FATS and OILS + ALCOHOL. BIODIESEL + GLYCEROL. catalyst. Biodiesel – an established technology.

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Biodiesel 102 Daniel Geller – UGA Engineering Outreach engr.uga/service/outreach

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  1. Biodiesel 102 Daniel Geller – UGA Engineering Outreach http://www.engr.uga.edu/service/outreach

  2. Biodiesel Production FATS and OILS + ALCOHOL BIODIESEL + GLYCEROL catalyst

  3. Biodiesel – an established technology • Studied since 1980s – solved issue of oil viscosity reduction in oils. • Established production methods and standardization ASTM D 6751 (2001).

  4. Biodiesel Production The most common form of Biodiesel is that made by the transesterification of vegetable oils C R1 MeR1 C OH NaOH C R2 MeR2 + C OH + 3MeOH C R3 MeR3 C OH Methyl Ester(Biodiesel) Triglyceride(fats and oils) Methanol(alcohol) Glycerol

  5. Biodiesel – Production and Availability • 30 million gallons (2004) • 75 million gallons (2005) • 250 million gallons (2006) estimated • Currently available at 300+ stations (http://www.biodiesel.org).

  6. Biodiesel Production Simple to make, difficult to make right Tank 1 mix alcohol and catalyst Tank 2 add tank 1 mixture to oil. Mix and heat Allow tank to settle, decant bottom glycerol layer Tank 3 wash with water settle, decant bottom water layer - repeat

  7. Environmental Advantages • Significant particulate matter and emission reductions from ULSD • No Sulfur In Biodiesel • Biodiesel is non-toxic • Biodiesel is biodegradable • Drastically reduced carcinogenic emissions

  8. AVERAGE BIODIESEL EMISSIONS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL DIESEL (EPA Numbers) Emission Type B100 B20 Regulated Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% Particulate Matter -47% -12% NOx +10% +2% to-2% Non-Regulated Sulfates -100% -20%* PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)** -80% -13% nPAH (nitrated PAH’s)** -90% -50%*** Ozone potential of speciated HC -50% -10% * Estimated from B100 result ** Average reduction across all compounds measured *** 2-nitroflourine results were within test method variability

  9. NOx emission reports vary from -5.8% to +6.2%. Average NOx emissions from all reports: 0.9%±1.5% (NREL, 2006) Benefits of other emissions reductions compensate for possible slight increases in NOx emissions NOx Neutral? The NOx issue

  10. Biodiesel is NOT compatible with natural rubber Make sure your hoses and seals are made of synthetic rubber (viton, teflon etc). Most modern vehicles do not use natural rubber. Older vehicles beware! Preparing for BiodieselMaterials Compatibility

  11. Biodiesel is a powerful solvent. Tanks need to be clean before storing Biodiesel or the fuel will take the deposits with it into your engine Preparing for BiodieselStorage • Tanks must also be dry: water = microbes

  12. Biodiesel Challenges • Quality Control - Meeting Spec. • Feedstock Availability and Price • Glycerol Byproduct Utilization

  13. Tax Incentives and Pricing • US Federal Tax Credit of $1.00/gal for virgin oils, $.50/gal for used oils • Biodiesel pricing depends on feedstock cost which can equal up to 75-85% of the cost of making the fuel

  14. Feedstock Shortage and Price Volatility • Limited supply of Biodiesel feedstocks in the US. Most oils are used in foods and have associated high price • Fats and Oils as well as fuels are commodities and thus have volatile prices. • Soy and Canola are main feedstocks – not prevalent in the southeast.

  15. Soy Oil Price Volatility Data from: Chicago Board of Trade (http://www.cbot.com/cbot/pub/page/1,3181,1272+chart,00.html?symb=BO&month=1!)

  16. US Petroleum Consumption vs. Possible Oilseed Oil Production Data from: USDA (http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/field/pcp-bban/cropan05.txt) DOE - Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov)

  17. Other Possible Feedstocks • Tropical: • Palm • Jatropha • Emerging: • Sunflower • Mustard • Camelina • Southeast: • Poultry Fat • Peanuts • Cottonseed Oil • Unique: • Cupeha • Castor

  18. High Output GA Feedstock - Peanuts Advantages: • High Oil Yield ~50-60% Soy is only ~18% oil • Established GA Crop Obstacles: • High Value Commodity • Shelling and sorting is costly process

  19. Inexpensive GA Feedstock – Poultry Fat Advantages: • Abundant commodity in GA • Historically low market price Obstacles: • High Free Fatty Acids • Increased Processing • High demand = price rise + scarcity

  20. Tropical Feedstocks – Palm, Jatropha Advantages: • HIGH YIELD • LOW PRICES Obstacles: • Poor cold flow properties • Minimal Domestic Production • Must import from other countries?

  21. Emerging Feedstocks – Sunflower, Mustard, Camelina Advantages: • Low Input • Good Domestic Agronomics Obstacles: • Production Limited • No Historical Data • Unreliable Economics

  22. Newly Available SE Feedstock – Cottonseed Oil Advantages: • Recent changes in market = pricing? • Established SE Crop Obstacles: • Variable Quality • Chemical issues • Polymers • Cold flow

  23. What is the Best Feedstock? This will be different depending on the time of year, markets, process used, etc. Out of the box systems work best with refined, common oils like RBD soy and canola

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