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Energy

Energy. I. Metabolic Pathways. Energy = the ability to do work Metabolic processes use chemical E (ATP) E released when chemical bonds break (e - pulled apart) Each step is regulated by enzymes. I. Photosynthesis and Nature. Sunlight provides energy to produce carbohydrates.

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Energy

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  1. Energy

  2. I. Metabolic Pathways • Energy = the ability to do work • Metabolic processes use chemical E (ATP) • E released when chemical bonds break (e- pulled apart) • Each step is regulated by enzymes

  3. I. Photosynthesis and Nature • Sunlight provides energy to produce carbohydrates. • Equation: Light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chlorophyll • Autotrophs (make their own food) • Algae, plants, some bacteria • Ultimate source of food for life • Photoautotrophs….. use light energy 4. Chemoautotrophs…… use chemical energy • Photosynthesis produced the oxygen in the atmosphere of our planet.

  4. II. Structures of Photosynthesis • Chloroplasts • = the organelle of Photosynthesis • Stroma – fluid-filled inner space 3. Thylakoids- internal membranes within stroma 4. Organized into stacks called grana.

  5. Chlorophylls and other pigments are embedded within thylakoid membranes. • Pigments absorb solar energy.

  6. III. Photosynthetic Pigments • Major pigments are chlorophyll a and b. • Both absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best. • Most green is reflected back. B. Carotinoids = yellow-orange pigments ; absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions C. In fall, chlorophyll breaks down and the yellow-orange pigments show through. D. Accessory pigments capture light when sun changes positions.

  7. IV. Cell Respiration • Breaks down glucose and builds up ATP. • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy • Begins in cytoplasm with Glycolysis (stage 1) • Turns glucose (glucose is split) into pyruvic acid • Produces 2ATP

  8. Fermentation • Processes that keep glycolysis going without oxygen (anaerobic) • Lactic Acid fermentation • Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid • Occurs in muscle cells when oxygen not available; causes pain • Used by bacteria that make yogurt, cheese, pickles

  9. Alcoholic Fermentation • Converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2 • Occurs in bacteria and yeasts • Used to make beer, wine, and bread

  10. Aerobic Respiration • Need Oxygen (Oxidative Respitation- Stage 2) • Energy from Pyruvic Acid is transferred to ATP • In the Krebs Cycle • In the Electron Transport Chain • Breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP • If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation occurs.

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