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5.10 Indigenous trees and their role in rural livelihoods Examples from Tihama Region, Repubic of Yemen

5.10 Indigenous trees and their role in rural livelihoods Examples from Tihama Region, Repubic of Yemen. Tihama zones and their native trees. Zone 3 Mid-land to mountainous RF: 300 to 400 mm/year EC:< 0.7dS/m Stretch:30 km. Zone 2 Arid/semi-arid lowland

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5.10 Indigenous trees and their role in rural livelihoods Examples from Tihama Region, Repubic of Yemen

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  1. 5.10 Indigenous trees and their role in rural livelihoodsExamples from Tihama Region, Repubic of Yemen

  2. Tihama zones and their native trees Zone 3 Mid-land to mountainous RF: 300 to 400 mm/year EC:< 0.7dS/m Stretch:30 km Zone 2 Arid/semi-arid lowland RF: 100 to 200 mm/year EC:1-2 dS/m Stretch: 25 km Zone I Arid coastal lowland RF: 50 - 100 mm/year EC >3 ds/m Stretch: 20 km Red Sea Coast Zone 1: Mangroove, Dome and Nehal trees Zone 2: Selam, Arack, Temariks and Haleg trees Zone 3: Daber and Sedr trees

  3. Acacia EherenbergianaSelam Tree

  4. Some basic facts • Most imporant & dominant • Land coverage: 22,000 ha (2005) • Resilient to drought: • Grows well in areas with RF < 150 mm/year • Moderately tolerant to salinity • High regeneration capacity • No dominant stem • Life span: 10 to 15 years • Tree height: 3 to 5 m • Length of thorns: 8 cm

  5. Major benefits • Flowers • Most loved by bees • Selam Honey • Arguably the best • Used for famous dishes: ‘Fata’ and ‘Bit Al-Sahan’, (bread with honey) • Cost: USD 30/liter Selam Honey: Thick and dark

  6. Major benefits • Leaves and thorns • Best feed for goats • Rich in proteins • Effective in goat fattening

  7. Major benefits • Stem - wood • Charcoal production: • Arguably the best • Lits quick and stay lit long • USD 5 per sack (about 20 kg) • Keteran: • Fluid extracted from charcoal • Cure for animal (goat, sheep, camel) skin diseases

  8. Charcoal production process • Cut tree, trim leaves, and burn in a controlled manner, to remove thorns • Pile thorn-free wood in good order • Cover the piled wood with sorghum/millet residues left over by animals

  9. Charcoal production steps • Cover with metal sheet and then soil • Ignite wood through small opening – let it burn for a week. After three days, fluid shedby the burning wood (Keteran) can be collected by inserting a pipe through the opening. • Close opening with soil, allow 3 days for cooling • Un-earth the woods, break them down and pack them in sacks • Sell on site or deliver to the market

  10. Words of caution and wisdom • While charcoal prodution is source of livelihood for some, it should be conrolled: • Selam Tree coverage has decreased from 44,000 ha in 1970 to 22,000 ha in 2005 (TDA records) • “Iza Labu Sheger Selam, Labu Alnob, Labu Alasel, Labu alkenem, Labu Alakel”(if there is no Selam Tree, there are no bees, there is no honey, there are no goats, there is no food), words of the old namdic father seen in the picure

  11. Zizphus spina-christSedr/Elb/Argh

  12. Some basic facts • Second to Selam, the most important tree • Sparsely puputated - area coverage estimate:10,000 ha • Sensitive to drought • Requires 20 to 30 oC and 300 to 400 mm/year • Sensitive to salinity • Needs EC < 0.7 dS/m • Life span: 20 to 25 years • Height of tree: 5 to 10 m • Small thorns: 1 to 2 cm

  13. Major benefits • Flowers: • As loved by bee as that of Selam • Elb/Sedr honey - • As good as - some say better than - that of Selam • Cost: USD 30/liter • Fruits • Tihama Apple • Suplementary food • Mild sugary taste Sedr honey: Thick and brownish

  14. Major benefits • Fruits • Believed to cure kidney problems • Boil fruits • Thick juicy fluid will form • Filter the Juicy fluid - drink at least about 1 litre a day - you feel better in few weeks • Leaves and branches: • Favourite feed for Camel • Natural shampoo: keeps hair fresh • Dry leaves • Grind and throughly mix with water to form thick green fluid • Wash hair with the thick green fluid

  15. Major benefits • Stem • Strong, resistant to termite species • Bed legs and frame • Yemeni people enjoy gat (excitement plant) in such a bed • Farm implements • Plough • Spade and hoe handle • Fishing boats Jaafar Hassan Alawi Al-Jeffri, Director of Agriculture and Extension Department in his Eusha, a traditional hut where he enjoys Kat

  16. Word of Eminence Sedr is the Selam tree to the highland inhabitants: it is the most important contributor to their livelihood Sedr, together with Selam, is a blessed tree in the Kuran (Jaafar Hassan Alawi Al-Jeffri, Director of Agriculture and Extension Department, TDA)

  17. Silvadora persicaArack tree

  18. Some basic facts • Easy to uproot - its habitat is being constantly encroached by agricultural fields • Endangered specie – estimate is less than 3,000 ha • Resilient to drought: • Fourishes with RF < 150 mm/year • Slow at regeneration • No dominant stem • Life span: 10 to 15 years • Tree height: 4 -6 m • No thorns

  19. Major benefits • Roots • Natutal tooth brush • Raw material for tooth paste – export to Saudi Arabia • 2 cm long root costs 30 Yemeni rial • Fruits • Green–unripe • Redish when ripe • Hot, spicy • Supplied with almost every dish

  20. Major benefits • Tree as a whole • Effective in stoping sand dunes • Labelled as second best (first being Haleg) defence belt against sand dunes in the Munira village trial by the TDA Agricultural and Extension Department (see elaboration on slide 26)

  21. Words of appreciation • Profet Mohamed, may peace and prayers of Allah be upon him, said: “If I am not bothering you too much, I would ask you to brush your teeth (using Arack) five times – that is before each prayer time”

  22. Balanites aegypticaHaleg

  23. Some basic facts • Native to mountainous areas • 20 to 30 oC, 300 to 450 mm/year • Performed well in the arid Munira Village (trial by Agriculture and Extension Department, TDA) • > 35 oC, 100 to 200 mm/year • Moderate regenationability • Moderately tolerant to salinity • Dominant strong stem • Life span: 20 to 25 years • Maximum height: 5 - 10 m • length of thorns: 5 – 8 cm

  24. Major benefits • Stem • Strongest and heaviest (Sedr ranks 2nd) • Best for traditional beds (slide 15) and traditional house poles • Best for fishing boats (Sedr is second best) • Leaves and branches • Good Camel feed (Sedr is best, slide 14) • Fruits • Small egg shaped • Suppemtary food for children • High protein content One of the typical highland village huts, all poles are from Haleg

  25. Major benefits • Though native to highland areas, survived drought and proved to be the best sand dune defence in Munira Village (Arack is second best, slide 20)

  26. Munira town gets life: thanks to Haleg & Arack • Abondoned Munira Village houses due to sand dune • 10 years back • Revival of abondoned houses after 12 lines of Arak and Haleg defence against sand dune • Task competed by TDA 3 years ago Notice 3 layers in the wall – top layer constructed in the past 3 years – still little buried by sand dune

  27. Dome (coconut) Tree

  28. Some basic facts • Costal area plant, tolerant to salinity • EC > 2.5 dS/m • Poor in regeneration • Land coverage significantly reduced • 2 miilion trees in 1970 • 0.5 million in 2005 • Relentlessly cut for various hand craft materials • Groundwater (major source of water) table lowered from 2 - 5m (1970) to > 35 m (2005) • Moderately tolerant to drought • Dominat stem • Height of tree: 15 to 30 m

  29. Major benefits • Fruits • supplementary food • Top hard and rough layer is removed by colliding two fruits or using a stone • Layer beneath the cover is stif but delciious, it is eaten raw • Interiror layer is a hard shell , childred use it for a swirling ball game. • Leaves • Various hand crafts • Shopping baskets • Prayer mat • Bed sheets • Sun protection hut

  30. Major benefits • Khel – Vinegar • Salad dressing • Soup • Procedure to make Khel • Make a cut at the juncture between stem and leaves • Tie a container just below the cut to collect continously dripping thin liquid • Add yeast to the liquid and let it stay for 40 days - it becomes strongly alcoholic with a flavour of vinegar • Dilute it with an equal volume of water • Usually sold in small bottles (0.3 l) for USD 5 per bottle Note: Actual Photo/Video documentation can be done in March/April when Khel is actually being produced

  31. Tamarix Athel

  32. Some basic facts • Resilient to drought: • RF < 150 mm/year • Temperature > 35 oC • Moderately tolerant to salinity • Poor regeneration capacity • Dominant stem • Height of tree: 5 to 15 m • Life span: 15 to 25 years

  33. Major benefits • Fence for agricultura area • Perfect good looking hut roofs

  34. Debora glabraDaber

  35. Some basic facts • Sensitive to drought • RF: 300 to 450 mm/year • Temperature < 30 oC • Sensitive to salinity • Very slow in regeneration • Dominant stem • Height of tree: 10 m to 15 m • Lifespan: 50 to 70 years

  36. Major benefits • Stem • Hole is drilled – store for farm implements and farmers’ lunch • Hole can be easily drilled • Takes maximum 1 hour • Outer layer (3 to 5 cm ) is strong and stiff • Inner part is soft • Fire wood • Usualy dry old branches are collected

  37. Word of significance • Daber is persumably the oldest tree • It is long living tree • Have been playing under the shade of this tree since I was a kid. (words of the old father in the picture) • Daber is a home away from home for farmers

  38. With Special Acknowledgements to Jaafar Hassan Alawi Al-JeffriDirector, Agriculture and Extension Department Tihama Development Authority REPUBLIC OF YEMEN Prepared under the documentation programme of ILEIA

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