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Monday 1/5/09

Monday 1/5/09. SUCCESS!.

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Monday 1/5/09

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  1. Monday 1/5/09 SUCCESS! Goal setting techniques are used by top-level athletes, successful business-people and achievers in all fields. By setting sharp, clearly defined goals, you can measure and take pride in the achievement of those goals. They give you long-term vision and short-term motivation. They focus your acquisition of knowledge and help you to organize your time and your resources so that you can make the very most of your life. • Discuss the following two questions as a class: • What is a goal? • What is the difference between a short-term goal and a long term goal? • (give an example of each)

  2. Bellwork Mon. 1/5/09 Be “smart” when writing your goal! • S = Specific What are you going to do?Why is this important? • M = Measurable How will you know when the goal is met? • A = Attainable Write your goal so it’s within your reach • R = Realistic Write your goal so it’s “do-able” • T = Timely Put an end point, “by next week” or “by the end of the month” 1) Using the “smart” goal setting method, write one short-term OR long-term goal for this semester.

  3. The Scientific Method Reject original hypothesis Data does NOT support hypothesis Make observations Form hypothesis Perform experiments Data supports hypothesis Draw conclusion; Form theory

  4. Bellwork Tues. 1/6/09 DNA vs. RNA • Complete this table comparing DNA and RNA • DNA RNA • Contains what sugar? _____ _____ • Contains what 4 • nucleotides (bases)? _____ _____ • Single or double stranded? _____ _____ • Where is it found? _____ _____

  5. Bellwork Tues. 1/6/09

  6. RULES TO BE FOLLOWED • Work within your group as a team • Pick a spokesperson to represent your team • You will have 60 seconds to provide an answer • NO CALL OUTS! • Each team is allowed one 50/50 • There is no call friend

  7. Bellwork Wednesday 1/7 Think about everything you have learned about DNA and what it does, then: 1) Explain how DNA is similar to a cookie recipe? The real, the original, the authentic Nestle Toll House Chocolate Chip Cookie Recipe 2 1/4 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 1 cup (2 sticks, 1/2 pound) butter, softened 3/4 cup granulated [white] sugar 3/4 cup packed brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 cups (12-ounce package) NESTLE TOLL HOUSE Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels 1 cup chopped nuts COMBINE flour, baking soda and salt in small bowl. Beat butter, granulated sugar, brown sugar and vanilla in large mixer bowl. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition; gradually beat in flour mixture. Stir in morsels and nuts. Drop by rounded tablespoon onto ungreased baking sheets. BAKE in preheated 375-degree [Fahrenheit] oven for 9 to 11 minutes or until golden brown. Let stand for 2 minutes; remove to wire racks to cool completely. PAN COOKIE VARIATION: PREPARE dough as above. Spread into greased 15"x10" jelly-roll pan. Bake in preheated 375-degree [Fahrenheit] oven for 20 to 25 minutes or until golden brown. Cool in pan on wire rack.

  8. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer I. Cell division There are about _____ _____cells being produced by the adult human body every day. 2 trillion

  9. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer • Cells are constantly being replaced as they become: A) Worn out B) Diseased C) Damaged

  10. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer Cell division is the process by which cells (1) (2) the information stored within the DNA molecule must be present in the new cell. Each cell must end up with a complete set of (3) • Reproduce • All • DNA

  11. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer • II. Changes in DNA: • When the cell is in the growth phase of the cell cycle DNA can be found inside the nucleus in the form of Chromatin • Chromatin is a complex (a mixture) of: • A) DNA • B) RNA • C) Histones

  12. Most of the time DNA exists within the nucleus as elongated thin strands known as chromatin

  13. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer • When cell regulatory proteins signal the cell to divide, the cell enters into the (1) phase of the cell cycle where DNA is copied. • After being copied, DNA begins to condense into supercoiling structures called (2) • (1) Synthesis • (2) Chromosomes

  14. DNA DNA histone protein Chromatid (copied DNA) Centromere (where chromatids are attached)

  15. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer • There are (1) pairs of chromosomes. Each pair consist of two (2) • There are (3) chromatids. • (1) 23 • (2) Sister chromatids • (3) 46

  16. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer There are two types of cells in our bodies that enter cell division cycles: • A) somatic • B) sex cells • (1) cells are the cells that make up the majority of our body. Each of these cells contains (2) total chromosomes. (3) from our father, and (4) from our mother. • (1) Somatic • (2) 46 • (3) 23 • (4) 23

  17. DNA-chromosome graphic organizer • The remaining 2 are called the (1) chromosomes, and determine our sex: • (2) male and (3) female. • (1) Sex • (2) XY • (3) XX

  18. ■ Therefore, there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells, except for our sperm and egg cells, which have 23 chromosomes. • ■ 44 of our chromosomes are known as autosomes. The remaining two are called the sex chromosomes. • 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes = 46 • Male = XY • Female = XX

  19. Meiosis Egg Production Sperm Production Examine the graphics at left and at right. How are they similar/different? 1. What is the end result of egg production? 2. What is the end result of sperm production? 3. What would happen if the red circled chromosome did not separate from its sister to end up in separate sperm cells? 46 46 1 egg 3 polar bodies 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 4 sperm cells

  20. Sperm 23 chromosomes Egg 23 chromosomes 46 First cell with 46 chromosomes

  21. In the synthesis phase of the cell cycle DNA is copied. DNA Copied DNA coils Supercoiling video

  22. Bellwork 1/8/09 • What are these structures? • How many are there in this picture? • Why are there two of each? Patient 1

  23. Meiosis • What is the end result of meiosis? • Where is meiosis taking place in males and females? • How often is meiosis taking place?

  24. DNARNAProteinTrait • Think of all the different characteristics and traits that make us human. Eye color and blood type are just two of thousands. • Make a list 10 human traits. • Put a “G” by the traits that you think are completely “genetic”. • Put an “E” by the traits that you think are completely “environmental” (in other words, traits that are not genetic; influenced by other factors). • Put a “G/E” by the traits that you think are a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

  25. Karyotype (KAR ee uh teyep) Karyotype Test: Karyotype is a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development, and body functions. Why It Is Done: ►Determine whether the chromosomes of an adult have an abnormality that can be passed on to a child. ►Determine whether a chromosome defect is present in a fetus. ►Determine the cause of a baby's birth defects or disability. ►Help determine the appropriate treatment for some types of cancer. ►Identify the sex of a person by determining the presence of the Y chromosome. This may be done when a newborn's sex is not clear.

  26. Amniocentesis (am nee oh sehn TEE sihs) Removal of about 20 ml of amniotic fluid containing suspended cells that were sloughed off from the fetus A few biochemical analyses with some of the amniotic fluid Centrifugation Quick determination of fetal sex and analysis of purified DNA Fetal cells Growth for weeks in culture medium Biochemical analysis for the presence of alleles that cause many different metabolic disorders Karyotype analysis

  27. Bellwork Friday 1-9-09 1)Using your text book (pg121), look up and define, in your own words the following two terms: Diploid (DIHP loyd) Haploid (HAP loyd) 2)Copy down the chart below and list the diploid & haploid number for each organism OrganismNumber of Chromosomes Diploid#Haploid# Amoeba 50 Saccharomyces (yeast) 18 Penicillium(mold) 1-4 Adder’s tongue fern 1262 Corn 20 Earthworm 36 Housefly 12 Frog 26 Dog 78 Orangutan 48 Human 46

  28. Bellwork Monday 1/12 Where did dogs come from, wolf to woof? About 12,000 years ago hunter-gatherers in what is now Israel placed a body in a grave with its hand cradling a pup. Whether it was a dog or a wolf can’t be known. Either way, the burial is among the earliest fossil evidence of the dog’s domestication. Scientists know the process was under way by about 14,000 years ago but do not agree on why. Some argue that humans adopted wolf pups and that natural selection favored those less aggressive and better at begging for food. Others say dogs domesticated themselves by adapting to a new niche—human refuse dumps. Scavenging canids that were less likely to flee from people survived in this niche, and succeeding generations became increasingly tame. According to biologist Raymond Coppinger: “All that was selected for was that one trait—the ability to eat in proximity to people.” At the molecular level not much changed at all: The DNA makeup of wolves and dogs is almost identical. The Medieval period started the "specialization" of dogs. Monks began raising dogs for companionship and protection. This period also defined hunting breeds which also included smaller dogs such as, "Beaver dogs" which were the first terriers and were used to hunt wild rabbits and foxes by burrowing into their lairs. 1) What animal did dogs most likely evolve from and where? 2) Why did humans domesticate dogs? 3) What type of dog did Natural selection favor and why? 4) What do you think are some advantages to humans, and to dogs from this partnership?

  29. Bellwork Tuesday 1-13-09 1) Print your name and your period on four separate post-it notes Fun with genetics

  30. Genetics Terminology Paraphrase these definitions. Leave a two blank lines between each entry. Gene: a specific sequence of DNA bases that controls a specific characteristic (hair color, blood type, eye color, ear lobe position, hairline, etc.) found on the same location on both chromosomes. Allele: alternate forms of the same gene (widow’s peak VS continuous hairline) Dominant: characteristic that shows itself even when there is one copy of the allele; use capital letters (widow’s peak = W) Recessive: characteristic that only shows itself when there is two copies of the allele; use lower case letters (continuous = w)

  31. Homozygous: two of the same allele Homozygous dominant = WW Homozygous recessive = ww Heterozygous: two different alleles Heterozygous = Ww Genotype: which genes the individual has, what the genes “look” like (WW, Ww, ww) Phenotype: physical characteristics caused by specific genes, what the individual looks like (has widow’s peak or continuous hairline)

  32. Bellwork Wed. 1/14 Both of Tim’s parents can roll their tongues. Will Tim be able to role his tongue? R = able to role tongue r =not able to role tongue Alleles Genotype Phenotype • List the alleles for the trait-tongue roller • Which allele is dominant and which allele is recessive? • What are all the possible combinations of alleles (genotypes)? • What are the possible genotypes of this individual? • Is this individual homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant or • heterozygous? Explain your answer. • 6) What is the phenotype of this individual?

  33. F F f f

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