Physiology 2

1. Physiology 2 Doug Ballard Jaden Cho Joe Dalton Period 2

2. Ch. 37 Concepts The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Blood moves through three types of blood vessels – arteries, capillaries, and veins Red blood cells transport oxygen. White blood cells guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets. The lymphatic system collects fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system. The function of the respiratory system is to bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air, and tissues. Smoking causes respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

3. Ch. 37 Vocab Myocardium – thick layer of muscle that surrounds the heart and pumps blood through the body Atrium – upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle. Ventricle – lower chamber, which pumps blood out of the heart. Pulmonary Circulation – pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. Systemic Circulation – pumps blood to the rest of the body. Valves – connective tissue that prevents the blood from flowing backwards Pacemaker – small group of cardiac muscles in the right atrium that “set the pace” for the heart. Aorta – large blood vessel that carries blood through the body and back to the heart. Arteries – large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

4. The Heart 1) Superior Vena Cava - Blood from body 2) Right Atrium 3) Valve 4) Right Ventricle 5) Left Ventricle 6) Left Atrium 7) Pulmonary Veins - Blood from lungs 8) Aorta - Blood to body 9) Pulmonary Arteries - Blood to lungs

5. Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.) Capillaries – smallest of the blood vessels that brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products. Veins – returns blood back to the heart Atherosclerosis – a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries Plasma – makes up about 55% of blood. Plasma is about 90% water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and proteins called plasma proteins. Hemoglobin – iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body. Lymphocytes – type of white blood cell that produces antibodiesthat help destroy pathogens Platelets – starts clotting process when skin is broken to prevent bleeding Lymph – fluid that is lost by the blood and returned to the circulatory system.

6. Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.) Pharynx – shared with the digestive system, food goes down the esophagus and air passes through the trachea, but never at the same time Trachea – armored tube that allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where it divides into the left and right bronchi. Right Bronchus – leads to a lung Left Bronchus – The left one has a sharper bend due to the presence of the heart and major blood vessels directly underneath it. Alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place. Diaphragm – acts as a floor to the chest cavity as well as a roof to the abdomen. Expands and contracts, forcing air in and out. Nicotine – a stimulant drug that increases heart rate and blood pressure. Emphysema – a long-term smoking disease that causes the loss of elasticity in the tissues of the lungs, which makes breathing difficult.

7. Respiratory System Nose Mouth Larynx Lung Right Bronchus Diaphragm Pharynx Trachea Left Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli

8. Ch. 38 Concepts Every cell in the human body needs water because many of the body’s processes take place in water. The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures include the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive system. The function of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. As blood enters the nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule. The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

9. Ch. 38 Vocab Stomach – continues chemical and mechanical digestion of food Small intestine – chemical digestion and absorption of food Pancreas – produces hormones, breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, and produces sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid Liver– produces bile, which dissolves fat found in fatty foods. Large intestine – removes water from the undigested material that is left. Mouth – begins mechanical digestion through chewing Esophagus – moves food by contractions of smooth muscle Gallbladder – stores and concentrates bile, then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats. Rectum – receives stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. Anus – last part of digestive tract

10. Digestive System Map Teeth Mouth Tongue Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Large Intestine Small Intestine Appendix Rectum Anus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 11 10 12 13 14

11. Enzymes

12. Ch. 38 Vocab (Cont.) Kidney – organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood Ureter – carries urine to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder – saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted Nephrons – blood filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney Glomerulus – a small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron Bowman’s Capsule – cup-shaped structure in the upper end of a nephronthat encases the glomerulus Loop of Henle – section of nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized. Urethra – a tube that releases urine from the body

13. The Kidney The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from the blood, maintaining blood pH, and regulating the water content of the blood. Ureter Renal Vein Renal Artery Medulla Cortex Nephron 6 5 4 3 2 1

14. The Nephron 2 3 Bowman’s Capsule Vein Artery Capillaries Collecting Duct Loop of Henle 4 1 5 6

15. Quiz 1) Which type of blood vessel returns blood to the heart? a) Capillaries b) Arteries c) Veins 2) How much percent of blood contains plasma? a) 55% b) 45% c) 60% d) 50% 3) Which Bronchus is shaped differently in order to leave room for the heart and other major blood vessels? a) Right Bronchus b) Left Bronchus 4) Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? a) Bronchioles b) Diaphragm c) Alveoli

16. Quiz (Cont.) 5) Where is the larynx located? a) 7 b) 3 c) 8 6) What is the function of the pharynx? a) To let food go down the esophagus b) to let air pass through the trachea c) to do both, but never at the same time

17. Quiz (Cont.) 7) Which organ is the stomach? a) B b) A c) C 8) What is the function of the ureter? a) to filter waste out of the blood b) releases urine from the body c) to carry waste to the urinary bladder A B C

18. Quiz (Cont.) 9) Which enzyme is found in the Small Intestine from the Pancreas? a) Peptidase b) Trypsin c) Pepsin 10) Which part of the heart takes blood from the lungs to the left atrium? a) Pulmonary Arteries b) Pulmonary Veins c) Aorta

19. Quiz Answers C A B C B C A C B B