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Session 11 Syntax 2

Session 11 Syntax 2. Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics Tahun : 2008. LEARNING OUTCOMES. Students are able to mention the syntactic categories of a sentence Students are able to draw a phrase structure tree

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Session 11 Syntax 2

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  1. Session 11Syntax 2 Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics Tahun : 2008

  2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Students are able to mention the syntactic categories of a sentence • Students are able to draw a phrase structure tree • Students are able to categorize the sentences according to the phrase structure rules

  3. OUTLINE • Syntactic Categories • Phrase Structure Trees • Phrase Structure Rules

  4. Syntactic Rules Syntactic rules in grammar account for: • The grammaticality of sentences • Word order • Hierarchical organization of sentences • Grammatical relations such as subject and object • Whether different structures have differing meanings or the same meanings. • The creative aspect of language

  5. Syntactic Rules • Syntactic rules determine the order of words in a sentence and how the words are grouped. - ‘The child found the puppy’ may be grouped into (The child) (found the puppy) (the child) (found) (the puppy) • The natural groupings of a sentence are called constituents • The constituent structure may be represented as a tree structure • Multiple tree structure can account for structural ambiguity - synthetic buffalo hides = (synthetic) (buffalo hides) (synthetic buffalo) (hides)

  6. Syntactic Categories • Each grouping of words belong to a certain syntactic category • The syntactic categories in English are: - Noun (N) Noun Verb (NP) - Verb (V) Verb Phrase (VP) - Adjective (Adj) Adjective Phrase (AP) - Adverb (Adv) Prepositional Phrase (PP) - Determiner (Det) Sentence (S) - Preposition (P) - Auxiliary Verb (Aux)

  7. Phrase Structure Tree • A tree diagram with syntactic category information is called a phrase structure tree or constituent structure tree. The child put the puppy in the garden The child put the puppy in the garden The child put the puppy in the garden the puppy in the garden the garden

  8. Phrase Structure Trees S NP VP Det N V NP PP the child put det N P NP The puppy in Det N the garden

  9. Phrase structure rules • S  NP VP • NP  Det N : a book • NP  (det) (Adj) N : a big book • NP  (det) (Adj) N (PP) : the big book on the chair • NP  that S : that I knew • NP  pronoun : he • VP  V • VP  V NP : I saw a buffalo • VP  V NP PP : I saw a buffalo in the zoo • VP  V NP PP Adv : I saw a buffalo in the zoo silently • VP  (Adv) V NP PP Adv : father silently wept bitterly • PP  P NP : in the zoo

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