Ann Bucklin Department of Marine Sciences Marine Sciences and Technology Center

1. Ann Bucklin Department of Marine Sciences Marine Sciences and Technology Center University of Connecticut SUN Song Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

2. CMarZ is addressing the overarching question: “what are the patterns of zooplankton biodiversity throughout the world ocean, and how are they generated and maintained”? CMarZ will produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, biogeography, and genetic diversity by 2010, focusing on the ~7,000 described species of animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their lives (i.e., the holozooplankton). CMarZ will determine DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discovery) for identified specimens for all known species.

3. Global Scope of Project CMarZ launched sampling efforts during 2004 – 2007 through leveraged funding for Cooperating Projects. 28 Cooperating Projects have been carried out from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises for comprehensive pelagic biodiversity assessments. CMarZ has made rapid progress in a global survey of zooplankton biodiversity. ongoing proposed Please include a map

4. 2007 Scientific Results Species Discovery in Southeast Asia Shuhei Nishida (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan) Field studies focus on coastal waters of SE Asia, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea. Taxonomic analysis is carried out in a collaboration among Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam. Training workshops build taxonomic capacity in each country. Funding is from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). Discoveries to date include 3 new genera and 28 new species of mysids and copepods. Zoogeography of Tortanus Crustacea: Copepoda

5. 2007 Scientific Results Inner-Space Speciation Project – Species Diversity in the Sea of Celebes Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., USA

6. 2007 Scientific Results NML PPEML WBEML Orange River Mouth Orange River Mouth Orange River Mouth Orange River Mouth Orange River Mouth Orange River Mouth 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° ° ° ° ° ° Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 ° ° ° ° ° 3 2 ° d d d d d d Cape Columbine Cape Columbine Cape Columbine Cape Columbine Cape Columbine Cape Columbine e e e e e e y y y y r r r r r y y r f f h f h h h h f f f h SHBML a a a a a l l a s s l s s l s t t t l l s t t t i i i i i i e e e A A B B B e e A e c A A B B B c c c c A c b b b b b b n n n n n n t t t g t t t g g a g g g a a a a a a a r r r a a a a r r r r r r z z o o r r r o z z z z o r r o o r r r r e e e e e e i i F F i i i i F F F P F P P P P P b b b l l l b b b l l a l a a a a a y y y y y y . . . E E E t t E E E t n n n n . . . n n t t t a a a a a a t t t t t n n t n n n n e e e e e e t t S t t t S S S B B B t t S S t a a a B B B t r a t a a t t r r r r r t t t t t t o o o o o o f f f f f f l e e e l e l l e e e e e l l e e e n n s s s n n n n e e e P P P s s e e e p p P P P s p p p p Cape Town Cape Town Cape Town l l l l Cape Town Cape Town Cape Town I I l l I I I a a I P P a a P a a s s s s s P P a a a s P a a a h h s s s h h h e e e 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 ° ° ° ° ° ° e e e s s s h C C C C SARP o o o o o o C C l l l l l l p p p p p p u u u u u u a a a a a a M M M M g M M g g g g g C C C C C C A A A A A A e e e e e e p p p p p p a a a a a a C C C C C C 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 ° ° ° ° ° ° 16° 16° 16° 16° 16° 16° 18° 18° 18° 18° 18° 18° 20° 20° 20° 20° 20° 20° 22° 22° 22° 22° 22° 22° 24° 24° 24° 24° 24° 24° 26° 26° 26° 26° 26° 26° 28° 28° 28° 28° 28° 28° 2 2 2 9 9 9 ° ° ° November 2002 November 2002 November 2002 Annual Spawner Spawner Biomass Survey Spawner Biomass Survey Spawner Biomass Survey AFR171 AFR171 AFR171 3 3 3 0 0 0 ° ° ° Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Hondeklip Bay Biomass Surveys 3 3 3 1 1 1 ° ° ° (November) Doring Bay Doring Bay Doring Bay 3 3 3 2 2 2 ° ° ° Lambert's Bay Lambert's Bay Lambert's Bay Columbine Columbine Columbine 3 3 3 3 3 3 ° ° ° Port Alfred Port Alfred Port Alfred Cape Town Cape Town Cape Town Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth 3 3 3 4 4 4 ° ° ° Mossel Bay Mossel Bay Mossel Bay Agulhas Agulhas Agulhas 3 3 3 5 5 5 ° ° ° 3 3 3 6 6 6 ° ° ° 3 3 3 7 7 7 ° ° ° 3 3 3 8 8 8 ° ° ° 16° 16° 16° 17° 17° 17° 18° 18° 18° 19° 19° 19° 20° 20° 20° 21° 21° 21° 22° 22° 22° 23° 23° 23° 24° 24° 24° 25° 25° 25° 26° 26° 26° 27° 27° 27° 28° 28° 28° Coastal Ecosystem Assessment in Africa Hans M. Verheye, Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa Environmental monitoring , zooplankton, and pelagic fish stock assessment surveys in South Africa. Benguela Current ecosystem is one of 4 major Eastern Boundary Current systems; highly complex and variable coastal ecosystem FRS Africana Annual Recruit Annual Recruit Biomass Surveys Biomass Surveys (May/June) (May/June) BENEFIT Programme: BENguela Environment Fisheries Interaction & Training: Dedicated environmental monitoring along 5 transects in fisheries key areas along the west coasts of Angola, Namibia and South Africa, Annual Annual Spawner Spawner Biomass Surveys Biomass Surveys (November) (November)

7. 2007 Scientific Results Zooplankton species of Indian Ocean Surveys in the Indian Ocean Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India Assessment and evaluation of environmental parameters and primary and secondary productivity Under-sampled areas: • Western side of Indonesia – significant for Indo-Pacific community. • Deep water collections (south of Equator) : Surfacing of meso- and bathypelagic species.

8. 2007 Scientific Results Sargasso Sea DNA Barcode Cluster Analysis Ann Bucklin, University of Connecticut, USA In April 2006, >500 species were collected from the Sargasso Sea; DNA barcodes for >350 species were clustered to show major groups found. Charleston, SC San Juan, PR

9. 2007 Scientific Results CMarZ in China: Coastal to Inter-Ocean Exploration SUN Song, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Yellow Sea & East China Sea Sample Collection ATransoceanic Cruise 11 Cruises Along ChineseNearshore Area 384 Samples Collected South China Sea

10. Zooplankton Diversity

11. Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Barcoding Zooplankton • DNA barcodes aid in species identification of zooplankton, because the organisms are frequently rare, fragile, and/or small. • Morphological identification is difficult and mistakes are likely due to simple or evolutionarily-conserved body plans. • Many taxa have circumglobal or disjunct geographic distributions; barcodes can reveal taxonomically-significant geographic variation and cryptic species. • DNA barcode libraries will lead to rapid molecularly-based analysis of samples for known species.

12. Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Barcoding by Region: Arctic Ocean R.R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska), A. Bucklin (Univ. Conn), et al. • ArcOD (Arctic Ocean Diversity) sends identified specimens of Arctic zooplankton for barcoding by CMarZ. • DNA database now includes ~100 species of the Central Arctic assemblage. • Goal is DNA barcoding of ~400 Arctic zooplankton species, including ~150 hydromedusae and ~150 copepods.

13. Visualization & Communication The CMarZ logo is our icon and conveys our project goal of a global-scale, taxonomically-comprehensive biodiversity survey for holozooplankton.

14. Visualization & Communication The CMarZ banner is another icon – conveying the living beauty and diversity of zooplankton.

15. CMarZ Science Impact • Integrated morphological and molecular systematic analysis: CMarZ cruises include both expert taxonomists and geneticists, who work together toward accurate descriptions of zooplankton species diversity. • Global surveys: CMarZ Steering Group members are working together to achieve global sampling from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises. • Biodiversity of the deep sea: CMarZ is providing new views of zooplankton species biodiversity in the very deepest part of the world oceans – and discovering new species in many taxonomic groups.

16. Impact of Approach & Methodology • DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a selected barcode gene – most usually the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene – for each of the 7,000 described species of zooplankton. • Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ is pioneering metagenomic analysis (i.e., the study of genomes recovered from environmental samples) of all metazoans collected by plankton nets. • DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with recognition sequences for known species to be used for routine sample analysis and – eventually – autonomous and remote analysis of zooplankton species diversity.

17. CMarZ Data Available in OBIS CMarZ is analyzing and synthesizing data from both new and historical collections to generate a global view of holozooplankton biodiversity. New CMarZ collections (2004-2007) Historical collections analyzed for CMarZ

18. CMarZ Education & Outreach CMarZ Training Workshops: More than 300 students, staff, and researchers have participated in international training workshops on land and at sea. International exchanges among CMarZ participants allow taxonomic training of graduate students and staff by experts. Secondary school teachers and students: Workshops for teachers, curriculum development, research opportunities. Database designed for diverse users: Web-based information for parataxonomists and students Species Pages with dynamically-assembled displays of taxonomic, ecological, biogeographical, and genetic data and information. Public education: The CMarZ website, with photo galleries, build public interest Press coverage remarkable

19. Next Steps for CMarZ MOCNESS 10m2 (335 µm) 4000-1000m MOCNESS 1m2 (335 µm) 1000-0m Multinet 0.5 m2 (100µm) 1000-0m Biodiversity of Deep SE Atlantic Sigrid Schiel (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany) A comprehensive CMarZ biodiversity survey is scheduled for October/November 2007 on the Polarstern (ANTXXIV/I) The cruise is a meridional transit of the Atlantic Ocean from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South Africa. Deep-sea sampling will be done to 4,000 m. At-sea DNA sequencing to barcode species. At-sea taxonomic training workshop for students and staff.

20. Limits to Knowledge KNOWN: ~7,000 described species of marine metazoan and protozoan holo-zooplankton. UNKNOWN: There are estimated to be many times more plankton species in the world oceans than are currently described. Taxonomic groups where species discovery is particularly likely include fragile and rare groups, and cosmopolitan species whose ranges span more than one ocean basin. UNKNOWABLE: All regions of the deep-sea – and many unexplored regions and biodiversity “hotspots” – are certain to yield many new species; fragile species will require in situ collection by divers, ROVs or submersibles.

21. Thank you!