What is the status? – Eutrophication, hazardous substances and biodiversity

1. Eutrophication of the Baltic SeaSources and mitigation strategies.Dr. Dietrich SchulzFederal Environment Agency Dessau-Roßlau (Ger).

2. What is the status? – Eutrophication, hazardous substances and biodiversity Eutrophication - HEAT Hazardous substances - CHASE Biodiversity - BEAT Thematic assessments have been produced using HEAT, CHASE and BEAT tools and they are each complemented with a confidence assessment.

3. Eutrophication:Inputs of nutrients Agriculture UWWTP UWWTP Agriculture Air emissions

4. The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) 2007 (I) Background and general objectives: • Passed by the ministers for environment of the HELCOM Contracting Parties, Krakow 15/11/2007. • To restore „good ecological status“ of the Baltic Sea till 2021. • Regionalized ecosystem based approach (regional carrying capacity) according to Rio 1992 and Johannesburg 2002. • Pilote project for EU marine strategy and regional UNEP programmes for marine protection.

5. BSAP main chapters • Nutrient input reductions (eutrophication) • Point sources • Municipal waste water treatment plants • Phosphate free detergents • Diffuse sources • Agriculture • Hazardous substances • Maritime Activities • Biodiversity

6. The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) 2007 (II) BSAP-Objectives for nutrients and eutrophication (= good ecological status) • Nutrient concentrations close to natural background. • Clear water. • Natural extent of algae blossoms. • Natural occurrence and distribution of plants and animals. • Natural oxygen concentration in water.

7. Nutrient inputs: tolerable and actual amounts(regionalized according to the MARE NEST model)

8. Nutrients: National reduction requirements

9. Nutrients: National reduction requirements Phosphor 15.250 t/a Stickstoff 135.000 t/a

10. BSAP: 45% Nutrient reductions. Phosphorus in Germany. Phosphoreinträge über die deutschen Zuflüsse 1.000 Danish Straits 900 Baltic Proper 800 700 600 Gesamt P über Gewässer in die Ostsee (t/a) 500 400 300 200 100 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

11. Potential agricultural hot spots, thresholds. • 40,000 poultry places • 2,000 pig places • 750 places for sows • 400 animal units for cattle • Other types could be considered later.

12. Potential agricultural hot spots (farms and areas), criteria • Compliance • valid environmental/production permit. • Best Available Techniques (national, HELCOM). • Manure production and application • Excess in comparison to land. • Minimize ammonia emissions (cover;spreading;incorporation). • 170 kg N/ha; 25 kg P/ha. • Storage and spreading according to BAT and BEP. • Pollution abatement • Storage capacity for 6 months. • Watertight floor and side walls. • Collect waste water into manure tanks.

13. N- and P-mitigation potentials for agriculture, principles. • Member states shall combine the most appropriate and efficient measures (taylor-made programmes). • HELCOM helps by offering a list of potential measures („shopping list“). • To mitigate immissions from the air the Gothenburg Protocoll (under UNECE LRTAP) shall be implemented (generally identical with the NEC-directive).

14. N- and P-mitigation in agriculture, examples • Land use change from arable land into grassland. • Plant cover during winter. • Minimum tillage. • Catch crops. Buffer strips. • Efficient management of fertilizer use. • Ecofarming. • Agri-environment programmes. No fertilizing in high risk areas and during high risk periods. • Appropriate manure storage. • Biogas from manure etc. • Etc.

15. St. Petersburg Leningrad oblast Kaliningrad oblast 2009-2011 Funding from European Parliament HELCOM European Commission Delegation in Russia Baltic Hazardous waste and Agricultural releases Reduction - BaltHazAR Project

16. Results Inventory and analysis of potential pollution sources of hazardous substances and agricultural nutrient loading, including a risk assessment Draft plan of measures to be taken, including necessary management system Feasibility studies and investment projects (pilot projects) in Leningrad and Kaliningrad oblasts Increased institutional capacity within local, regional and federal level in the Russian Federation to implement the Baltic Sea Action Plan Input to future EU programs

18. BaltHazar Project - Agricultural Component • Inventory and prioritisation • 160 farms in Leningrad Region, Russia • 30 farms in Kaliningrad Region, Russia • 14 priority farms (9/5) further verified by sampling • 72% of total P load to the Baltic originate from 26 largest farms • Prioritization of farms based on: • Nutrient loading potential • Location (proximity to waters directly discharging to BS, soil type, elevation) • Verified nutrient releases • Feasibility to implement advanced agro-environmental investments

19. Eutrophication, Conclusions • BSAP important for environment, fishery and tourism (ecological, economical and social aspects). • Methods and data base still controversial, but best available science. • Reduction quota appropriate, former progress is accepted. Reduction strategies must be taylor-made for each member state. • Probably no measures beyond water framework directive necessary. • Bridging technological gaps; investments; farm advisory services, good agricultural practice, manure storage capacities. • Establish a HELCOM Agricultural/Environmental Forum 2010.

20. Our ultimate target: A Baltic Sea undisturbed by nutrients and eutrophication! Foto: Helena Larsson

21. Thank you for your attention!! Dr. Dietrich Schulzdietrich.schulz@uba.dewww.umweltbundesamt.de

22. 2. Agriculture:Amended Annex III of the Helsinki Convention • Addressing large agro-industrial cluster • Integrated permits for farms with intensive rearing of animals(poultry 40 000, pigs 2 000, cattle 400 au) • Simplified permit system or general rules for farms bigger than 100 a.u. • Environmentally sound manure management • Application rates for nutrients • nitrogen 170 kg/ha • phosphorus 25 kg/ha • Identification of agricultural areas that are critical for nutrient pollution of the Baltic Sea • Designation of relevant parts of agricultural land as NVZ • Performing risk assessments of nutrient leaching from agricultural areas • Establishing HELCOM Agricultural / Environmental Forum by 2010