Ch 8 Creating the Constitution

1. Ch 8Creating the Constitution Compromise – A settlement of a dispute by each party giving up some demands in order to reach a goal. Essential Question- What compromises emerged from the Constitutional Convention?

2. Ch 8.1Introduction Purpose What- We are going to learn about Compromise. How- bylearning about the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

3. Members of the Second Continental Congress knew that the former colonies needed to create a central government.

5. 8.1 Introduction • Articles of Confederation • After the Declaration of Independence, Congress tried to unite the states under one national government. • Members of Congress were afraid a strong central government would trample their rights. • Created Articles of Confederation, a firm league of friendship. • States keep their powers. • Congress runs national government, each state got 1 vote. • Confederate Congress, which had limited powers. • Power to :Declare war, raise an army/navy, print (coin) money, set up postal system. • No power to impose taxes. They had to ask and states often ignore the request. • Second Continental Congress passed Articles of Confederation and then sent the document to each state legislature for ratification, or approval. • Final state, Maryland, ratified Articles of Confederation in March 1781.

6. Western Lands

7. Important Questions What worried James Madison about the future of the United States? Why did many members of Congress fear a strong central government? What were some of the government’s powers under the Articles of Confederation? What were some of the government’s limitations?

8. Important Questions What worried James Madison about the future of the United States? • He worried that the states would not work together. Why did many members of Congress fear a strong central government? • They feared such a government would trample their rights. What were some of the government’s powers under the Articles of Confederation? • Coin and borrow money, declare war, raise army/navy, negotiate treaties, could settle disputes between states, ask states for money and soldiers, set up postal system. What were some of the government’s limitations? • Could not impose taxes, had no president or national court system, had no power to settle disputes, collect money or supply troops.

9. 8.2Early Quarrels and Accomplishments Purpose What- We are going to learn about Compromise. How-byunderstanding the Articles of Confederation early quarrels and accomplishments Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

11. 8.2 Early Quarrels and Accomplishments • The Articles of Confederation key weakness was that Congress had no power to settle quarrels among states which were mostly about taxes and boundaries. • Developing Western Lands • Confederation Congress planned to sell western lands to raise money. • Land ordinance of 1785 set up system for surveying and dividing public lands know as Northwest Territory- included what is now Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin • Northwest Ordinance • Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a law that divided the Northwest territory into smaller territories which h was governed by a territorial governor. • Created a system for adding new states; banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

14. Northwest Territories

15. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Congress surveyed the land into squares 6 miles on each side. (townships)

16. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Each town was divided into 36 smaller sections, 640 acres each. (the cost was a minimum of $1 per acre)

17. Land Ordinance of 1785 • People pooled their money in order to be able to afford a piece of land.

18. Township Map Sargent County, North Dakota

19. Northwest Ordinance (1787) • When 5,000 free males of voting age settled an area, it became self-governing. • When the population reached 60,000 free citizens, the area could apply for statehood. Ex.) OH, IN, IL, MI, WI • Slavery was outlawed.

20. Moving West After the Revolutionary War Americans began heading west in greater numbers. Thousands of people settled in the lands of the Northwest Territory. Many of these people were farmers from New England, where good farmland was scarce. As the population of the Northwest Territory grew and the region was divided into states, more settlers came from throughout the nation and from overseas.

21. Important Questions What Compromise was made to create and establish the Articles of Confederation.

22. 8.3Shays Rebellion and the Need for Change Purpose What- We are going to learn about Compromise. How-bystudying the causes of Shays’s Rebellion Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

23. Daniel Shays

24. Shays’s Rebellion • Instead of printing paper money, Massachusetts collected taxes on land. • Farmers who could not pay debts lost their land and sometimes went to prison.

25. National Government. • Confederate Congress could not regulate interstate commerce – trade between two or more states – so trade laws differed from state to state. • Inflation • Some States printed large amounts of paper money, creating inflation- increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money. • Inflation helps debtors- people who owe money – because they can pay back their debts with money that is worth less than what they borrowed. • Creditors- people who lend money- were upset at receiving worthless money • Rising inflation and lost trade led to a depression- a period of low economic activity combined with a rise in unemployment. • Revolt • Some Massachusetts farmers angry over land taxes carried out a revolt that became known as Shays’s Rebellion. • Led by Daniel Shays, a poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran. • Outcome • Rebels were defeated in January 1787; many soon surrendered or were arrested. • National government did not have the power to offer much help during the revolt. • Revealed weakness of the U.S. central government and the Articles of Confederation.

26. Other problems • Under Articles of Confederation, Congress could not force states to provide an army, which made it difficult to protect citizens or enforce international treaties. • Britain had not yet abandon forts on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes, as required by the Treaty of Paris 1783. • Spain closed lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping, which hurt western farmers.

27. Other Problems • British Economic Policy • Closed many ports in the British West Indies to American Ships • Placed high duties on U.S. exports, such as rice, tar, and tobacco. • Effects on the economy • American exports dropped, while British imports rose • British merchants could sell British-manufactured goods in the United States at much lower prices than manufactured goods made locally. • Responses • Confederation Congress could not set tariffs-taxes on imports and exports. • American merchants sought new foreign markets, such as in China and France.

28. A Call for a Convention • Five states sent delegates to the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to discuss changing the Articles of Confederation. • Delegates planned a Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in May 1787.

29. 8.3 • Shays’s Rebellion and the Need for Change • Under the Articles of Confederation, the new nation had serious money problems. • Congress had power to coin money but states printed money too. • Money became worthless. • Massachusetts Farmers Rebel • Farmers could not pay taxes or debts • Courts orders farmer to be sold to pay taxes and debts • Daniel Shays, a war hero, rebels • Shays’s Rebellion is ended by Massachusetts militia • A Call for a Convention • Shays’s Rebellion forces Congress to call a convention to revise the Article of Confederation. • Delegates meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 • James Madison is prepared to create a strong central government

30. Important Questions How did the lack of an army affect relations with foreign countries? • United States had no military to motivate or force other nations to respect its rights.

31. Important Questions How did British trade policies hurt the U.S. economy? • It hurt sale of American goods in Britain. • Lowered American exports. • Created trade imbalance with Britain. • Made it hard for American manufacturers to compete.

32. Important Questions What conclusion did Americans reach after Shays’s Rebellion? • U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation was to weak to respond to crises.

33. 8.4-8.10 Big Idea • What compromises emerge from the Constitution Convention?

34. Study Skills • Study 5-10 minutes a night • Know Vocabulary • Understand Organization • Create Flashcards • Drill and Practice facts • Know the test giver • Know your strengths and weaknesses • Read aloud/Reread/Write down • Write test questions • Teach someone else • Complete chapter review • Create a chart or graph

35. Vocabulary Terms • popular sovereignty • federalism • legislative • executive • judicial branch • checks and balances • Constitution Convention • James Madison • Virginia Plan • William Patterson • New Jersey Plan • Great Compromise • Three-Fifths Compromise

36. 8.4Opening the Constitution Convention What- We are going to learn about compromise How-byunderstanding why delegates met to revise the Articles Of Confederation Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

37. 8.4 • Opening the Constitutional Convention • Constitutional Convention held at Philadelphia’s State House in May 1787. • Called to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation • George Washington was elected president of the convention • The Delegates • Every state but Rhode Island sent delegates, for a total of 55 • Did not include John Adams or Thomas Jefferson who were representing the U.S. in Britain and France. • Also not in attendance were Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry.

38. The Father of the Constitution • The most prepared delegate was James Madison, who took good notes and joined in many discussions. • The Rule of Secrecy • Delegates needed to be able to speak their minds without fear. • All windows, and doors were closed and guarded • Shared Beliefs and Clashing Views • Committed to Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness. • Believed in a republic, constitution, suffrage, and more powerful government.

39. Important Questions Why was the Constitutional Convention held? • To discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation..

40. Homework Quiz • How many states and delegates were represented at the Constitutional Convention? • What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention? • Where was the Constitutional Convention held? (city, state, building) • Who was the most influential delegate? • Name two famous men who were at the Constitutional Convention and two men that were not.

41. 8.5 Issue: How Should States Be Represented in the New Government What- We are going to learn about compromise How-byunderstanding the issues with how states should be represented in government Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

42. 8.5 • How Should States Be Represented in the New Government? • Virginia proposes to create new document. • Several issues divided delegates, particularly along state and regional lines. • The Virginia Plan • The Virginia Plan, or large state plan, was written mainly by James Madison. • Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central government. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Including bicameral (2 House) legislature in which representation was based on state population. • Opposed by small states, because larger states would have more representatives.

43. New Jersey Plan • was offered by New Jersey delegate William Paterson • Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central government. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Created a unicameral (1House) legislature, with each state receiving equal representation • Opposed by larger states, because smaller states would have more influence

44. 8.6 Resolution: The Great Compromise What- We are going to learn about compromise How-byunderstanding the Great Compromise Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

45. 8.6 • Resolution: The Great Compromise • Large and small states could not agree on either plan. • Tempers Rise • The smaller states did not trust the larger states. • They threatened to ally with a foreign nation • A Compromised Is Reached • The Great Compromise was offered by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman • Delegates eventually passed what had become known as the Great Compromise. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Created a bicameral (2 houses) legislature, in which each state received equal representation in the upper house (Senate) and population-based representation in the lower house (House of Representatives).

46. Homework Quiz • What plan called for the legislative branch to be based on population? • What was the compromise called that settled the dispute between large states and small states? • Who presented the New Jersey Plan? • How many houses did the Virginia Plan purpose? • How many houses in the legislative branch did the compromise include and how would representation be determined? • name of house- how many representatives

47. 8.7 Issue: How Should Slaves Be Counted What- We are going to learn about compromise How-byunderstanding the issues with how slaves should be counted Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.

48. 8.7 • Issue: How Should Slaves Be Counted • Now that representation was settled how do we count slaves? • People or Property? • Southern delegates wanted slaves to be counted like everyone else for purposes of representation. • Northern delegates thought slaves were property and should not be counted to determine representation but should be counted to determine taxes. • Northern also stated that if they are to be counted as people “then make them citizens and let them vote.” • Under so-called Three-Fifths Compromise, each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation. • New Thinking on Slavery • Many Northern states began thinking slavery was wrong because of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and many states passed laws ending slavery. • Although many southern were uneasy about slavery they would not abolish it because their economy depended on it.

50. 8.8 Resolution: The Three-Fifths Compromise What- We are going to learn about compromise How-byunderstanding the Three-Fifths Compromise Why- so we understand how compromise affects my life.