Energy

1. Energy

2. EnergyConsumption Woodservedasthepredominantenergysource untiltheIndustrialRevolution,whencoalusage surpassedwood. Duringthe20thcentury,petroleumsurpassedcoal.

3. MostenergyintheUS isusedbyindustries, followedbytransportation,residential,andcommercial.

4. Inthe1950’s,energyconsumptionintheUSoutpaceddomesticproduction, leadingtooil imports. By1998,netimportsofoilsurpassedthe domesticsupplyof oil.

5. GlobalEnergyUse IntheUS,mostoftheenergycomesfromnonrenewable energysourcessuchascoal, oil,naturalgas,anduranium. Renewableenergyresources includebiomass,geothermal, hydropower,solarenergy,andwindenergy.

6. Coal Coalisafossilfuelproducedbytheburialandcompactionofancientorganicmatterunderhightemperatureandpressure. Sulfurisproduced from thedecompositionofhydrogensulfide(H2S)by anaerobicbacteriatrappedinthecoal.

7. Coal Coal isobtainedthroughsurfaceorundergroundmining

8. Coal Coalsupplies25%oftheworld’senergy. IntheUSA,87%ofthecoalisusedforpowerplantstoproduce electricity. Coal is burned toturnwaterintosteamwhichturnsgiantturbinesinsideelectricalgenerators.

9. AdvantagesofCoal •AbundantworldandUSreservesthatwill lasthundredsofyears •Unidentifiedreservesthatareestimatedtolastthousandsofyears •Relativelyhighnet-energyyield •USgovernmentsubsidieskeeppriceslow •Stable, non-explosive,notharmfulifspilled •Canbeturnedonandoff easilytocontrolenergyoutput

10. DisadvantagesofCoal •Miningforcoal isdestructiveontheenvironment,decreasebiodiversity,andincreasepollutionrunoff •Burningcoalreleasesmercuryandsulfurintotheair. •35%of allCO2emittedintotheairisduetotheburningof coal •30%of allnitrogenoxiderelatedpollution •Coalcannotbeusedeffectivelyfortransportationneeds

11. CleanCoal Cleancoaltechnologyreferstotheprocessesthatreducethenegativeenvironmentaleffectsof burningcoalsuchaswashingcoaltoremove mineralsandimpuritiesandcapturingsulfurdioxideandcarbondioxidegases.

12. Peat Peat forms from the compaction of partially decayed plant material.(looks like soil)-Peat is the 1st step in coal formation

13. Peat Peat is mainly used in Europe. (Ireland, Scotland, Finland, Russia)Peat is harvested from bogs.

14. Peat Advantages Peat is abundant in NW Europeand cheapPeat burning gives off less air pollutantslike sulfur oxide than coal and oil

15. Peat Disadvantages Peat harvesting can completely destroy bogs which are complex and important ecosystems

16. Oil Oilisanotherfossil fuelproducedbythe decompositionof deeplyburiedorganicmaterial (plants) underhightemperaturesand pressuresformillionsofyears.

17. Oil Oil isreleasedbydrillingawellandpuncturingthe limestonelayer. Sincetheoil isalreadyundergreatpressure,theoilflowsnaturallyfromthewell.

18. Oil Oncethecrudeoil iscollecteditissenttoarefinerywhereitis“cracked”orseparatedintodifferenttypesofoil byboiling.

19. AdvantagesofOil •Inexpensivebutpricesareincreases •Easilytransportedthroughestablishedpipelines •Highnet-energyyield •Amplesupplyfortheimmediatefuture •Versatile–usedtomakemanyproducts(paints,plastics,medicines)

20. DisadvantagesofOil •Worldreservesarelimitedanddeclining •Producespollution(SO2,Nox,andCO2) •Causeslanddisturbancesduringdrillingprocess •Historyofoilspillsbothonlandandinoceanfromplatformsand tankers •Disruptiontowildlifehabitats •Suppliesarepoliticallyvolatile

21. OilSpillsonLand 800,000gallonsintoKalamazoo RiverinMichiganfromCanadian pipeline(2010)

22. OilSpillsonLand 420,000gallonsof oilspilledintoMississippiRiver whentwobargescollided.(2008)

23. OilSpillsonLand 30,000litersfrompipelineinto theRed DeerRiverin Alberta Canada(2008) 4.5million litersof oil spilled into thePeace RiverinCanada (2011)

24. OilSpillsonWater DeepwaterHorizonOil Spill intotheGulfofMexico (April,2010) Released 4.9millionbarrelsofoil

25. OilSpillsonWater •1967–UnitedKingdom –Tankeraccident -919,000gallons •1970’s–6 oceanoil spills •1983–SouthAfrica–TankerFire–1.8million barrels •1989–Alaska,USA– ExxonValdez–Tankeraccident– 240,000barrels •1990–California,USA–TankerLeak–300,000gallonsintoreserve •1991–Kuwait–Iraqinvasion-240million gallons •1990’s–25otheroceanoilspills •2000–2005–24oceanoil spills •2005–9 incidents–HurricaneKatrina •2006–2010–15 oceanoil spills •2010–13incidents–DeepwaterHorizon •2011–10oceanoilspills

26. EnergyCrisis Thepriceof energyisdriven bysupplyanddemand. Insomecases,andenergycrisisisbroughtonbythe failureof worldmarketstoadjustpricesinresponseto shortages.

27. OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries. Association of nations with large oil reserves that control oil supply

28. OPEC WhenOPECreducestheoutputquotasofitsmembercountries,thepriceof oilincreasesasthesupply decreases. WhenOPECboostsoil productiontoincreasesupplies,thepriceofoildecreases.

29. NuclearEnergy Nuclearfissionoccurswhenanatomsplitsintotwo ormoresmallernucleialongwithbyproductsof neutrons,photons,gamma rays,betarays,andalpha particles.

30. NuclearEnergy Nuclearfissionisanexothermicreactionproducingheat. Undercontrolledconditions,theheatisused toproducesteamthatturns aturbinetogenerateelectricityatnuclearpowerplants.

31. NuclearEnergy • Theamountofpotentialenergycontainedin nuclearenergyis10milliontimesmorethanthatoffossilfuels. • Thedownsideisthatthenuclearwastesremainhighlyreactiveforthousandsofyears.

32. NuclearFuels ThemostcommonnuclearfuelsareUraniumandPlutonium

33. Uranium NuclearWeapons LittleBoy- Hiroshima

34. Plutonium NuclearWeapons FatMan-Nagasaki

35. NuclearFuels NuclearpowerplantusebeganintheUSAduring the1960’sandincreaseduntilthelate1980’s. Declineinthebuildingofnewplantswasduetocostoverruns,high operatingcosts,safetyissues,andnuclearwastes.

36. NuclearPower Plants The reaction takes place in the reactor core with fuel rods Controlrodsslowdown thereaction. Watercoolantremovesthe heatandproducessteamtogenerateelectricity.

37. Coolant Water Lightwaterreactorsuselake or riverwaterascoolants. Theradioactivewaterdoesnotcomeincontactwith thewaterusedascondenserthatcomesfroma nearbyriverorlake.

38. AdvantagesofNuclearPower •Noairpollutants •Disruptionoflandislowtomoderate •Waterpollutionislow

39. DisadvantagesofNuclear Power •Nuclearwastestakemillionsofyearstodegrade •Storageproblem–safetyandterrorists •Safetyissues

40. ThreeMileIsland ThreemileislandwasapartialnuclearmeltdowninPennsylvaniain1979whenareliefvalvewasstuck open,allowingthenuclearreactantcoolantto escape.

41. Chernobyl In1986,theChernobylnuclearpowerplantintheformerSovietUnionexperiencedanexplosionand firethatreleasedlargeamountsofradioactiveparticlesintotheatmosphere.

42. Chernobyl Therewere28deathsduetoacuteradiation syndrome, mostlyamongthefiremen,15deaths fromthyroidcanceralready,andaprojectedtotalof 4,000 futuredeathsfromcancer. Abandonedcityof Pripyat withChernobylinthe distance Adults Teenagers Children

43. Japan TheFukushimaDaiichiplant,240km(150miles) northeastof Tokyo,waswreckedbyahugeearthquakeandatoweringtsunamiwhichknocked outitscoolingsystems, triggering meltdowns, radiationleaksandmassevacuations. (2011)

44. Natural Gas Naturalgas,ormethane,isproduced bythe decompositionofburiedorganicmatterunderhigh pressureandtemperatures.

45. Natural Gas Naturalgasisusuallypresentimmediatelyabovetheoil.

46. AdvantagesofNaturalGas •Pipelinesinplace •Relativeinexpensive,butpricesareincreasing •Highnetenergyyield •Produceslesspollutionthanotherfossilfuels

47. DisadvantagesofNatural Gas •Pollutionisreleasedduringprocessing •LeakageofmethanehasagreaterimpactonglobalwarmingthanCO2 •Extractionreleasescontaminatedwastewaterandsaltwater

48. HydroelectricPower Hydroelectricpowerusesdamstotrapwaterwhich isused to turn turbines thatgenerateelectricity.

49. HydroelectricPowerPros •Damscontrolflooding •Lowoperatingandmaintenancecosts •Nowasteproduct •Longlifespan •Highenergyyield •Createsareasforwaterrecreation

50. HydroelectricPowerCons •Createlargefloodedareas,displacingpeople •Expensivetobuild •Destroyswildlifehabitats •Interruptfishmigration •Sediment builds up •Subjecttoearthquakes