1 / 12

Comprehensive Guide to Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Discover the role and uses of various functional groups in organic molecules, such as alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, amines, and amides. Learn about their structures, formulas, applications, and naming conventions.

rehm
Download Presentation

Comprehensive Guide to Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Functional GroupsAim OC2 – What are functional groups?

  2. Functional groups - Alcohols • A general group name for organic molecules containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) • general formula: R-OH • Suffix used in naming: -ol • Uses • Beverages – ethanol in wine, beer, spirits • Solvents – ethanol often used in perfumes and for dissolving nonpolar substances • Antifreeze – ethylene glycol – a dihydroxy alcohol (C2H4(OH)2) • Antiseptics – ethanol with iodine, or in hand sanitizers • Fuels – methanol and ethanol additive to gasoline

  3. Monohydroxy alcohols: Contain one –OH Example: at right ethanol dihydroxy alcohols (glycols): contain two -OH groups example: at right – ethylene glycol or 1,2 ethanediol active ingredient in antifreeze trihydroxy alcohols contain three -OH groups example: at right - glycerol or 1,2,3 propanetriol holds three fatty acids together in a fat product of digestion of fat

  4. Hydroxy locations in alcohols • The –OH group can be attached in different spots in an alcohol • Primary alcohols • the -OH is attached to one end of a hydrocarbon chain • general formula: R-CH2OH • ex: CH3CH2C2OH or 1-propanol • Secondary alcohols • the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to two other carbons • general formula: R – COH – R • ex: CH3CHOHCH3 or 2-propanol

  5. Tertiary alcohols: • the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to three other carbons • general formula: R3-OH • example: CH3CH3C(OH)CH3 • Name: 2-methyl-2-propanol • Name each of the following: A B

  6. Functional group - Organic Acids • A general group name for organic molecules containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) • The H in the –COOH can ionize in solution, making the solution acidic • general formula: R-COOH • Suffix in naming: -oic acid • Uses • As a food preservative – ethanoic acid (acetic acid or vinegar) - think pickled foods • As one part of esterification (formation of esters, which are flavors and aromas in food and perfumes)

  7. Functional group - Aldehydes • produced by the combustion or oxidation (burning) of primary alcohols • general formula: R-CHO • suffix: -al • Example: CH3CH2CHO or propanal • important aldehyde: methanal or formaldehyde

  8. Functional Groups -Ketones • produced by the combustion of secondary alcohols • general formula: R-CO-R • suffix: -one • example: CH3COCH3 or propanone • important ketones: • Propanone, aka acetone, aka nail polish remover

  9. Functional group - Ethers • produced by dehydration synthesis (the combination of molecules by removing water) of two primary alcohols • general formula: R-O-R • example: • diethyl ether • C2H5OC2H5 • anesthetic and solvent

  10. Functional group - Esters • produced by dehydration synthesis of a primary alcohols and an organic acid • R-COOH + HO-R  R-COO-R + H2O • general formula: R-COO-R • produces fragrances and flavorings • CH3COOC4H9 • butyl ethanoate • Banana smell • CH3COOC3H7 • propyl ethanoate • pear smell

  11. Functional groups - Amines • derivatives of ammonia (NH3) • the functional group is the -N- group • Naming: add amine to end of carbon name • Types of amines: Primary Secondary Tertiary

  12. Functional group - Amides • dehydration synthesis of amino acids • Functional group • carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and NH2 • Naming • determine name of longest C chain and add – amide to end • Example • ethanamide

More Related