Functional Groups Aim OC2 – What are functional groups?

1. Functional GroupsAim OC2 – What are functional groups?

2. Functional groups - Alcohols • A general group name for organic molecules containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) • general formula: R-OH • Suffix used in naming: -ol • Uses • Beverages – ethanol in wine, beer, spirits • Solvents – ethanol often used in perfumes and for dissolving nonpolar substances • Antifreeze – ethylene glycol – a dihydroxy alcohol (C2H4(OH)2) • Antiseptics – ethanol with iodine, or in hand sanitizers • Fuels – methanol and ethanol additive to gasoline

3. Monohydroxy alcohols: Contain one –OH Example: at right ethanol dihydroxy alcohols (glycols): contain two -OH groups example: at right – ethylene glycol or 1,2 ethanediol active ingredient in antifreeze trihydroxy alcohols contain three -OH groups example: at right - glycerol or 1,2,3 propanetriol holds three fatty acids together in a fat product of digestion of fat

4. Hydroxy locations in alcohols • The –OH group can be attached in different spots in an alcohol • Primary alcohols • the -OH is attached to one end of a hydrocarbon chain • general formula: R-CH2OH • ex: CH3CH2C2OH or 1-propanol • Secondary alcohols • the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to two other carbons • general formula: R – COH – R • ex: CH3CHOHCH3 or 2-propanol

5. Tertiary alcohols: • the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to three other carbons • general formula: R3-OH • example: CH3CH3C(OH)CH3 • Name: 2-methyl-2-propanol • Name each of the following: A B

6. Functional group - Organic Acids • A general group name for organic molecules containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) • The H in the –COOH can ionize in solution, making the solution acidic • general formula: R-COOH • Suffix in naming: -oic acid • Uses • As a food preservative – ethanoic acid (acetic acid or vinegar) - think pickled foods • As one part of esterification (formation of esters, which are flavors and aromas in food and perfumes)

7. Functional group - Aldehydes • produced by the combustion or oxidation (burning) of primary alcohols • general formula: R-CHO • suffix: -al • Example: CH3CH2CHO or propanal • important aldehyde: methanal or formaldehyde

8. Functional Groups -Ketones • produced by the combustion of secondary alcohols • general formula: R-CO-R • suffix: -one • example: CH3COCH3 or propanone • important ketones: • Propanone, aka acetone, aka nail polish remover

9. Functional group - Ethers • produced by dehydration synthesis (the combination of molecules by removing water) of two primary alcohols • general formula: R-O-R • example: • diethyl ether • C2H5OC2H5 • anesthetic and solvent

10. Functional group - Esters • produced by dehydration synthesis of a primary alcohols and an organic acid • R-COOH + HO-R  R-COO-R + H2O • general formula: R-COO-R • produces fragrances and flavorings • CH3COOC4H9 • butyl ethanoate • Banana smell • CH3COOC3H7 • propyl ethanoate • pear smell

11. Functional groups - Amines • derivatives of ammonia (NH3) • the functional group is the -N- group • Naming: add amine to end of carbon name • Types of amines: Primary Secondary Tertiary

12. Functional group - Amides • dehydration synthesis of amino acids • Functional group • carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and NH2 • Naming • determine name of longest C chain and add – amide to end • Example • ethanamide