CESTODOSIS

1. CESTODOSIS MONIEZIASIS Cause:Moniezia expansa Moniezia benedini Sensitive animal: M. benedini: cattle (main host) & others ruminants M. expansa: sheep,goat,cattle,& others ruminants Predilection: Small intestine Route of infections: Ingested by cysticercoid g mites (fam: Oribatidae) together with the grass

2. Pathogenicity: - Young animals (< 6 bl) very sensitive. - The degree of infections depend on the amount of cysticercoid - Enteritis Clinical symptoms: Its not so clear in general,weakness&thin Acute: Intoxication because of toxin produced by the excretion of the adult worm Mild infections: Gastrointestinal disturbance (indigesti) & inhibited of the bodies growth Heavy infections: Anaemia, watery diarrhea, inhibited of the bodies growth, for the young cattle it must be fatal

3. Diagnoses Fecal examination  Eggs  or   Segment/proglottids Egg of M. benedini Control by: Dichlorophene 300-600 mgs/kgs BW Yomesan 75 mgs/kgs BW  Control for the mites, photophobia is the characteristic of mites.

4. CYSTICERCOSIS CELLULOSE CYSTICERCOSIS BOVIS CAUSE: Larva Taenia solium / Larva T. saginata PREDILECTION&HOST: Striated muscles, such as m.lingualis, inner parts of m.masseter, muscles of shoulder, muscles of abdomen, diaphragma, mesenterium, pulmo, cor, ren, eyes, and brain of pig (very sensitive parts), cattle,dog ,cat,sheep,monkey,deer, and human.

5. ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION : by ingest the eggs of T. solium / T. saginata EPIZOOTIOLOGY : *Zoonotic characteristics *in Indonesia it be found at: Bali, North Sumatera (Tapanuli), Tanah Toraja and Papua CLINICAL SYMPTOM: Pig : - Heavy infections :Hipersensitivity of the nostril, repeat edly rub the nostril on to the wall/floor. Convultion the tongue, striated muscles - Mild infection: not so clear

6. ~Dog : Similar as rabies ~Human : - Cerebral cysticercosis : Disturbances of balanced Disturbances of visual Epileptiform - Opthalmic cysticercosis : Blindness PATHOLOGYS OF CHANGES : Oedema inside the predilection Anaemia Meningoencephalitis Choroidae atrophy

7. DIAGNOSES : ⇨ Observe the clinical symptom: hipersensitivity at the nostril of pig ⇨ ante-mortem examinations at the tongue of pig ⇨ post-mortem examinations at the site of predilec tion ⇨ examinations by radiologies ⇨ examinations by serologic: sero-precipitation, sero-aglutination, allergy test diagnostic = intra dermal reaction

8. PREVENTION : - to break the life cycles/ : hygienis defecations location for human beeing - treatments for sufferer taeniasis patients - Beeing kept the pig intensively & hygienis - to examinationspork and beef routinely - Well cooked the pork and beef - Freezing the meats which contaminated by cysticercosis at 8 – 10°C for 4 days - Salted meat with concentration of 20 % for 3–4 wks - Stamping out all meats infected by cysticercosis

9. DIPYLLIDIASIS Cause: Dipyllidium caninum Predilections&Host:Small intestine dog,cat, human (seldom) Transmission: ingested by Cysticercoidg mites or dog lice Pathogenesis:  Inside the small intestine, cause of interference of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).  Heavy infections: enteritis chronics, with colic

10. Clinical symptoms : * The suffering dogs walks with dragged his anus * They roll on the soil or bitting of the abdomen area * Convulsion, symptom similar with epilepsy * Child (human): anorexia, thin,abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, epigastrium painful, allergy reactions Diagnose: - CS/specifics:suffering walks with dragged his anus - Proglottids inside the anus has a cucumber seed type - Fecal examnations  eggs with a morphology as a package form

11. Control: Treatment:  Arecoline hydrobromide: 0,8 mgs/kgs BW  Bunamidine hydrochloride (Scolaban):11 mgs/kgs BW 2 x interval 48 hrs  Dichlorophene (Dicestal):50–100 mgs/kgs BW  Yomesan (Mansonil) : 50 –100 mgs/kgs BW

12. Prevention: - By elimination the flea&dog lice with: 0,1 BHC – Asuntol (Bayer) – Super Killer

13. DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS CAUSE: Diphyllobothrium latum PREDILECTION&HOST: Small intestine of dog,pig,bear, animals which eat fish&human. ROUTE OF INFECTIONS:By eating raw fish/ uncooked fish and consist of plerocercoid. PATHOGENESIS & CLINCAL SYMPTOM: Adult worm inside the small intestine cause of diarrhea and anaemia perniciosa (deficiency of vit.B12) DIAGNOSE: Fecal examination  eggs

14. Stages: Eggs Coracidium  Procercoid  Plerocercoid (infective stage) TREATMENT: - Quinacrine hydrobromide (=mepacrine) - Yomesan - Arecoline hydrobromide - Dichlorophen PREVENTION : by cooking fishes before consumed

15. TAENIASIS CAUSE : Taenia solium & Taenia saginata PREDILECTION & HOST: Small intestine of human ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION: Ingest of Cysticercus cellulose or Cysticercus bovis from pork / beef , because of meat processing is not completelly accurate

16. EPIDEMY : HOST PARASITE I.H (pig,cattle) • gravid proglottids exit (motile) from the host ⇨ rupture ⇨ free eggs • Ingest the eggs by i.h & or human ⇨ Cysticercosis CS/ : - non specific symptom at abdomen: diarrhea, constipation, epigastrium painful ⇨ Taeniasis - neurologyc symptom ⇨ Cysticercosis

17. AVIAN TAENIASIS CAUSE: ~Davainea proglotina ~Raillietina tetragona ~Raillietina echinobothrida ~Raillietina cesticillus ~Amoebotaenia sphenoides ~Choanotaenia infundubulum

18. ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION : cysticercoid ingest by definitive host INTERMEDIATE HOST: ⇨Davainea Proglotina : soil snail (slug) from genus Limax, Arion, Cepoea and Agrolimax ⇨ Raillietina tetragona : Musca domestica and ant from genus Tetramorium and Pheidole ⇨Raillietina echinobothrida : ant : Tetramorium caespitum and Pheidolevinelandica ⇨Raillietina cesticillus : Musca domestica and beetles

19. ⇨Amoebotaenia sphenoides : Earth worm from genus Eisenia, Pheretina ocnerodritus, and Allobophora ⇨Choanotaenia infundubulum : Musca domestica and beetle: Geotripus, Aphodius, Calathus dan Tribolium

20. PATHOGENICITY INFECTION OF AVIAN CESTODES: • Pathogenicity of each species be different • D.proglotina : the tiny size but most pathogen penetration very deep at intestine mucosae  cause of enteritis and often cause of bleeding for heavy infection.

21. R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida also pathogen after D. proglotina. Young worms penetrated deepest into the mucosae and sub mucosae of the duodenum cause of nodules. Nodules  cavum peritoneum, consist of tissue necrotic and leucocyte. First stage : young worm be found hang up inside the lumen of small intestine. Mature worm be found at a part of posterior small intestine - Other species is not dangerous. CLINICAL SYMPTOM: ⇨ Avian / young bird often infected ⇨Anorexia, listless, often trifty, weakness and easy to be fatigue, thin and anemia. ⇨ Heavy infection : cause of death at young animals

22. ⇨ Decrease of eggs production at laying hens ⇨ D proglotina : cause of diarrhea, faeces mixed with blood, seldom occur of nervous attacks at a part or totally but not clear CHANGES OF POST MORTEM: D. proglotina : ~Intestine mucosae tickness + bleeding Degeneration & villies inflammation in the lumen of intestines + much of mucous watery & smelt putridness R. tetragona dan R. echinobothrida : ~ Nodule at the wall of the small intestine

23. DIAGNOSE: ⇨ Clinical symptom&much occur segment of cestode ⇨ Fecal examination  eggs worm inside the animal fecal ⇨ Post mortem: enteritis & nodule-2 Raillietina sp. infections ⇨ Scrapping of intestinal mucosae  D/ D. proglotina :deep inside the intestinal mucosae. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION : ~Panhelmin : mix of levamisole and praziquantel. Each 100 mls consist of 5 grs levamisole and 3,5 grs praziquantel Doses : 100 mls panhelmin to be solved into 100 l water give into drinking water for 2 days & repeat after 10 days for 2 days.

24. PREVENTION: ⇨Elimination beetles/ants/grass hopper surrounding the farm with insectiside ⇨Rearing the avian, preferable put into the pen ⇨Elimination the snail with molluscida ⇨Cages Hygiene ⇨Give feed and drinking water at a good position

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