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OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW. Neurotransmission Neurotransmitters Endocrine System Hormones Feedback Systems. NEUROTRANSMISSION. THE NEURON. Multipolar : more than two processes from cell body Unipolar : one process from cell body Bipolar : two processes from cell body Interneurons : short or no axons

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OVERVIEW

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  1. OVERVIEW • Neurotransmission • Neurotransmitters • Endocrine System • Hormones • Feedback Systems

  2. NEUROTRANSMISSION

  3. THE NEURON Multipolar: more than two processes from cell body Unipolar: one process from cell body Bipolar: two processes from cell body Interneurons: short or no axons Supportive cells: glial cells, satellite cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/synapse_m.html

  4. COMMUNICATION.. con’t

  5. COMMUNICATION • Action potentials: Ionic basis • Conduction of Action Potentials • Chemical Transmission at the Synapse

  6. ACTION POTENTIALS mV = millivolts http://artsci-ccwin.concordia.ca/psychology/psyc358/Lectures/actpotent1.htm

  7. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL • Random motion • Electrostatic pressure • Membrane permeability • Sodium-potassium pumps

  8. http://web.psych.ualberta.ca/~msnyder/Academic/Psych104/ch6/lec2/P104.6.2.htmlhttp://web.psych.ualberta.ca/~msnyder/Academic/Psych104/ch6/lec2/P104.6.2.html

  9. When NTs bind to postsynaptic receptors… • Depolarize: Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP) • Hyperpolarize: Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP) • Action potential: reversal of membrane potential

  10. ACTION POTENTIALS mV = millivolts http://artsci-ccwin.concordia.ca/psychology/psyc358/Lectures/actpotent1.htm

  11. http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~husband/expsych/fig_axon.htm

  12. http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~husband/expsych/fig_axon.htm

  13. NEUROTRANSMITTERS & HORMONES

  14. CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION • Intracrine mediation: intracellular • Autocrine mediation: feedback loops • Paracrine mediation: adjacent cells • Endocrine mediation: bloodstream • Ecotcrine mediation: pheromones

  15. NEUROTRANSMITTERS DF HORMONES KJH HOW THEY DIFFER..

  16. NEUROTRANSMITTERS

  17. NTs are synthesized from precursors NTs are stored in vesicles Leaking NTs are destroyed Action potentials cause NTs to bind presynaptic membrane & be released into synapse Released NTs bind with autoreceptors and inhibit more release Released NTs bind to postsynaptic receptors Released NTs are deactived by reuptake or enzymatic degradation STEPS OF NT ACTION

  18. http://www.nipissingu.ca/saari/slides/pinel13/sld023.htm

  19. Agonist: drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter ex. Cocaine: dopamine & norepinephrine Increases synthesis of NTs Destroys degrading enzymes Increases release of NTs Blocks inhibitory effects of NTs Activates postsynaptic receptors or increases effects of NTs Blocks degradation or reuptake AGONISTIC EFFECTS

  20. Antagonist: drug that inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter ex. Curare: cholinergic receptors Blocks synthesis of NTs Causes NTs to leak from vesicles & to be destroyed by degrading enzymes Blocks release of NTs into synapse Activates autoreceptors & inhibits NT release Blocks postsynaptic receptors ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS

  21. UPREGULATION Http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/dopamine.html

  22. DOWNREGULATION Http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/dopamine.html

  23. CLASSES OF NTs Glutamate Aspartate Glycine GABA Amino Acids Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Catecholamines Monoamines Indolamines Serotonin Soluble Gases Nitric Oxide Carbon Monoxide Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Neuropeptides Hormones*

  24. Http:/web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/aminoacidderivatives.htm#tyrosineHttp:/web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/aminoacidderivatives.htm#tyrosine

  25. DOPAMINE • found primarily in the limbic system, parts of the hypothalamus, the frontal cortex, and forebrain (basal ganglia) • thought disorders • motor disorders • pleasure & pain • role in addiction

  26. http://www.nipissingu.ca/saari/slides/pinel13/sld033.htm

  27. SEROTONIN • high concentrations in the brain stem and thalamus • sleep/wake cycle • sensory perception • emotional behaviour: depression, impulsive behaviour, aggression

  28. NOREPINEPHRINE • high concentrations in the cortex and limbic system • Also works as hormone • respiration • activity, stimulation, and arousal • rate of metabolism

  29. http://www.nipissingu.ca/saari/slides/pinel13/sld030.htm

  30. ACETYLCHOLINE • Major NT of the motor system • found at neuromuscular junction • Learning and Memory • memory loss of Alzheimer’s patients • Sleep • Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

  31. http://www.nipissingu.ca/saari/slides/pinel13/sld024.htm

  32. GABA/GLUTAMATE • GABA: inhibitory effects • Glutamate: excitatory effects • scatter throughout the brain • Unique because: • # of synapses using G/G > than any other NT combined • important functions in the body, not only the brain

  33. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  34. GENERAL FEATURES.. 1. Endocrine glands are ductless 2. Endocrine glands have a rich blood supply 3. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream 4. Hormones can travel to every cell in the body 5. Hormone receptors are specific binding sites

  35. Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Pancreas Gastrointestinal Tract Adrenal Glands Pineal Gland Gonads: Testes & Ovaries Placenta* ENDOCRINE GLANDS http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/printcat/7157.html

  36. biological clock STI MULI HYPOTHALAMUS CRH GnRH GHRF TRH MIF Somatostatin PIF PRL GH MSH ANTERIOR PITUITARY ACTH TSH OTHER TISSUE FSH&LH ADRENALS THYROID TESTIS OVARIES (Cortisol) (Thyroid H) (T) (Estrogen)

  37. Releasing hormones produced by various nuclei of the hypothalamus involuntary body functions many simple body functions HYPOTHALAMUS http://www.cwru.edu/dental/web/neuro/ghts.html

  38. PITUITARYGLAND

  39. Thyroglobulin: converted to T3 & T4 almost all cells are target of THs calcitonin metabolic rate, growth & development THYROID GLAND TRH: Thyroid-releasing hormone http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/tsh.html

  40. digestive enzymes islets secrete insulin & glucagon release dependent on level of glucose in blood PANCREAS

  41. GASTROINTESTINAL • hormones that aid with digestion • gastrin • enterokinin • secretin • cholecystokinin (CCK) • glucose dependent insulinotropic hormone • vasoactive

  42. ADRENALGLAND

  43. biological rhythms Melatonin receptors in SCN night reproduction, sleep Seasonal Affective Disorder PINEAL GLAND http://www.crystalinks.com/thirdeyepineal.html

  44. TESTES produce sperm and androgens LH & FSH OVARIES produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone LH & FSH menstrual cycle GONADS: TESTES & OVARIES

  45. HORMONES • Grouped into 3 classes, based on structure: • steroids • peptides • amines

  46. STEROIDS http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html

  47. HORMONES • Grouped into 3 classes, based on structure: • steroids • peptides • amines • Mechanisms: • Nonsteroid: second messenger systems • Steroid: hormone-receptor complex, DNA, & protein production

  48. released by ovary controlled/controls feedback sexual behaviour, maternal behaviour, menstrual cycle memory & neurogenesis ESTROGEN http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/lhfsh.html

  49. produced by ovaries works in conjunction with estrogen: menstrual cycle pregnancy maternal behaviour sexual behaviour PROGESTERONE http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/lec/lec_11/lec11fig.html#figure%205

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