1 / 42

Biology the Science of Life

Biology the Science of Life. Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-2.1.10 Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.5 Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 (468-472). Syllabus statements. 2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory 2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory 2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

remy
Download Presentation

Biology the Science of Life

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Biology the Science of Life Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-2.1.10 Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.5 Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 (468-472)

  2. Syllabus statements • 2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory • 2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory • 2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • 2.1.8 – Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others • 2.1.9 – State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways • 2.1.10 – Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells

  3. Syllabus statements • 5.5.1 –Outline the binomial system of nomenclature • 5.5.2 – List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species – using an example from two different kingdoms for each level • 5.5.5 – Apply and/or design a key for a group of up to eight organisms

  4. Study of Life • What is alive? • 6 shared characteristics • Order, Response, Growth and Development, Use of Energy, Homeostasis, Adaptation • How do we organize living things? • Hierarchy of Life

  5. Hierarchy of Life • Atoms, molecules, cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

  6. The 6 characteristics of life 1. Order All living things made of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of life 2. Response Exhibit sensitivity Response to stimuli = pupil dilation, plants grow to light, blink 3. Growth Development & Reproduction DNA common hereditary molecule 4. Energy Utilization Uptake and Transformation Photosynthesis and Respiration (Green Plants & All organisms) 5. Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditions (Temp, Water balance, O2/CO2 ) Behaviorally or Biologically 6. Adaptation Change in response to Environmental Conditions Desert organsims minimize water loss

  7. Energy • Photosynthesis (Green Plants) sunlight +water + carbon dioxide  oxygen + sugars • Respiration (All living things) oxygen + sugars  ATP +water + carbon dioxide • ATP is molecular energy storage

  8. Cells are the basic unit of Life!! • Cells 0-100 millionths of a meter (10-100 micrometers mm) • Not observed until we had technology to do so • Microscopes invented in mid 17th century • First light microscopes then electron microscopes more recently

  9. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1590 – Zachariah Jansen -Invented compound (2 lens) microscopes

  10. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1665 – Robert Hooke -Examined cork -First to see dead cells, called cellulae (small rooms) for little compartments

  11. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1650-1700 – Anton von Leewoenhoek -Dutch botanist used lens x200, x300 -First to examine living cells, pond water, sperm, blood -Called animalcules (little animals) in p.w. -single celled organisms

  12. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1707-1778 Carolus Linnaeus -swedish physician and botanist -founder of taxonomy -developed classification system for all living organisms

  13. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1838 – Matthias Schleiden -German botanist -cell theory -plant observations *all plants made of cells

  14. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1839 – Theodor Schwann -German biologist -Cell Theory -All animals are made of cells

  15. History continued • Purkinje: fibers that transmit stimulus to myocardial cells of ventricles of heart bear his name; coined term “protoplasm” for the living content of cells. 1855: Rudolf Virchow: studied pathogenic organisms and showed that “omnis cellula e cellula” – all cells arise from preexisting cells (by cell division).

  16. Timeline of Cell Discovery • 1940’s – Advent of the Electron Microscope TEM – transmission of electrons through specimen SEM – scanning of surface with electron

  17. Electron Micrographs

  18. Cell Theory • Three principles based on different studies • All organisms made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of life • Cells come from other preexisting cells • BUT… All cells aren’t created equal

  19. Prokaryotes (All are Prokaryotae) Very small (1-10um) No nucleus (nucleoid – DNA in central area) No membrane bound organelles Have cell walls Eukaryotes (all other kingdoms) Size 10-100 um DNA in chromosomes in nucleus Many M.B.O. Plants & some fungi have cell walls The two major types of cells

  20. To have different cells do different things you need differentiation • So cells develop along different pathways or differentiate • This means different cells express different genes • Remember that every cell in an organism has all the same DNA, only some cells express different genes within that genome • Once the developmental pathway of a cell is started then it is usually fixed

  21. So which cells can differentiate? • Stem cells – can self renew and differentiate • Human embryos are almost all stem cells • Some still found in different human tissues like skin, liver bone marrow • Those only used for limited repair

  22. Therapeutic use of stem cells • Area of rapid development – many uses exist • Cord blood from umbilical cord contains hematopoietic stem cells – can become any blood cell type • Test the blood and remaining fluid • Used to treat some leukemias – chemo to kill the cells that over produce white blood cells then introduce cord blood to blood stream of patient • Stem cells establish themselves in the marrow and replace defective cells

  23. Possible fates of cord blood stem cells

  24. Classifying all this life

  25. Diversity of Cells Diversity of Life • Currently 1.5x106 identified species • Study and grouping of this diversity is the science of taxonomy • Taxonomic hierarchy – KPCOFGS • Many systems – Ours 5 kingdoms -know examples of each

  26. 5 kingdom system: Prokaryotae • Monera (bacteria) • Hetero & Autotrophs • Archaebacteria -primitive, extremophiles (halo-, thermo-), don’t need O2 • Eubacteria -most of the bacteria -some parasites but all modes of nutrition 40,000x magnification

  27. 5 kingdom system: Protoctista • Protists -eukaryotes most unicellular -hetero & autotrophs -algae, amoeba, ciliates, diatoms

  28. 5 kingdom system: Fungi • Eukaryotes – most multicellular • Yeast, mushrooms, molds • Heterotrohpic – acquire food by absorbtion • If cell wall is present, made of chitin

  29. 5 kingdom system: Plantae • Multicellular, Autotrophic (Photosynthesis), Eukaryotes • Cells have a cell wall made of cellulose • Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

  30. 5 kingdom system: Animalia • Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotes • Lack cell wall

  31. From Largest grouping to Smallest • Species – A population of organisms who have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring • Largest grouping of a population which can exchange genetic material but genetically isolated from other groups

  32. Classifying Organisms • Systematics – a classification process for studying biodiversity • Taxonomy – branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms • Group species into larger categories from genus up to kingdom

  33. The Importance of Classification • Common names useless – panther, puma, mountian lion, cougar = Felis concolor • Shows evolutionary relationships – bears, raccoons sloths (p 47) • Enables predictions of characteristics shared by members of group – e.g.new primate discovered expect diagnostic char.

  34. The Importance of Classification II • ID of organisms by organizing ecological, anatomical, physiological, molecular (DNA & protein specifically) data 1. Proteins: Cytochrome C; has 104 Amino acids found in mitochondria 2. Consider differences in amino acids – human vs chimps = 0, human vs. dogs = 13, vs. snakes = 20, vs tuna = 33

  35. Binomial Nomenclature System • Created by C. Linneaus • Each species has 2 part Latin name • Genus species (computer) • Genus species (handwritten) • E.g. Homo sapiens = humans Felissylvestris = house cat Ranunculus acris = buttercup

  36. Remember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)

  37. Remember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)

  38. Review Points • 6 characteristics of Life • Levels of the hierarchy of Life • 3 principles of Cell theory • Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes • 5 kingdoms and their characteristics • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

More Related