Solving the Problem of Cooperation

1. Solving the Problem of Cooperation Marriage and Family

2. Marriage and Family Marriage “…a relationship between one or more men (male or female) and one or more women (male or female) recognized by the society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another” (Haviland 2003:514). Marriage …one variable in the formation of kinship groups (affinal relatives). The other is descent (consanguineal relatives). “The notion of marriage as a sacrament and not just a contract can be traced St. Paul who compared the relationship of a husband and wife to that of Christ and his church.” (http://marriage.about.com/cs/generalhistory/a/marriagehistory.htm) In a 2005 book, Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage, Coontz writes: “Almost every marital and sexual arrangement we have seen in recent years, however startling it may appear, has been tried somewhere before.” (p. 2)

3. Marriage and Family Affines - relatives by marriage Consanguineal kin - relatives by birth Conjugal bond – bond between married individuals Incest taboo - very strong prohibition against mating within particular group.

4. Rules of Marriage Monogamy One spouse Endogamy Marry inside group Polygamy Multiple spouses Marry outside group Exogamy Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, who have cultural ties to Tibet, fraternal polyandry is practiced, and a household may include a set of brothers with their common wife or wives. This family type, in which brothers also share land, is almost certainly linked to the extreme scarcity of cultivable land in the Himalayan region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings. Multiple wives Polygyny Strong prohibition against marriage inside group Incest taboo Multiple husbands Polyandry Children are offspring of the group Group marriage Multiple spouses, one at a time Serial marriage

5. Marriage and Family Levirate - “brother marriage” Sororate - “sister marriage” …Either of the above may be “anticipatory” Fictive marriage

6. Marriage and Family Parallel-cousin (= Cousin) Marriage • ego's father's brother's children or mother's sister's children. Cross-cousin (X-Cousin) Marriage • ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children.

7. Marriage and Family Cross-cousin (X Cousin) Marriage • ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children.

8. Marriage and Family X Cousin Marriage in Matrilineal Societies Sometimes prescriptive (should) Sometimes proscriptive (must) adoption fictive

9. Marriage and Family Stephanie Coontz, author of The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families and The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap, wrote: “Many people hold an image of how American families ‘used to be’ at some particular point in time, and they propose that we return to that ideal. In fact, however, there have been a wide variety of family forms and values in American history, and there is no period in which some ideal family predominated.” The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (1992) Kathleen Gough specialized in cross cultural studies of the family and attempted this universal definition of family (a definition that applies to all societies): “A married couple or other group of adult kinsfolk who cooperate economically and in the upbringing of children, and all or most of whom share a common dwelling.” Family“…in anthropological terms, it is a group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult man joined through marriage or blood relationship” (Haviland 2003: 537). Note on co-operation: Human beings, indeed all social animals, are innately co-operative. So far…… The “family” continues to be the most universal form of human social organization.

10. Marriage and Family Families are composed of people related to one another by consanguinity and descent. Nuclear families Characterized byindependence training …kids are taught to take care of themselves Extended families Characterized by dependence training… kids are taught to depend on other family members

11. Marriage and Family Traditional functions of families Emotional nurturance Women in Civilian Labor Force: In 1900…20.6% of total …43.5% single women and 5.6% of married women. In 2002…69.6% of total…67.4% single women and 61.0% of married women. U.S. Census Bureau - Marital Status of Women in the Civilian Labor Force: 1900-2002. Sex control Economic Co-operation Physical nurturance Enculturation

12. Trends in Marriage and Family …i.e. modern genetics • Related to technology “Brave New World” of ‘Designer Children’ Genetic implications: Choosing or avoiding physical ability or disability Choosing or avoiding behavioral ability or disability Ravitsky, Ethics and Education: The Ethics of Shaping Human Identity http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/69/v69_5_page312_316.pdf