Copy this chart onto Portfolio p25

1. Copy this chart onto Portfolio p25 (Copy this chart SIDEWAYS) Revolutionary War Battles

2. Lesson 7.3: The Path to Victory Today we will explain why the war shifted to the South and summarize the events that led to the war’s end.

3. Vocabulary • guerrilla – soldier who pretends to be a civilian, and uses hit-and-run tactics and surprise raids against his enemy • pacifism – belief that peace should always be considered preferable to war • bombard – to attack with artillery

4. Check for Understanding • What are going to do today? • Why is it often difficult to defeat a guerrilla force? • If a pacifist believes in peace, why is our western ocean called the Pacific? • What does it mean to bombard someone with questions?

5. What We Already Know The British army’s attempt to separate New England from the rest of the colonies had failed.

6. What We Already Know France decided to send soldiers, ships, and supplies to aid the Americans in their fight for independence.

7. What We Already Know American Loyalists, who supported the British cause, lived in greatest numbers in New York, in large cities, and in the South.

8. Savannah and Charles Town • The British believed that most Southerners were Loyalists, so in 1778, the British decided to invade the South. • After three years of fighting, the British were no closer to victory.

9. SavannahandCharles Town • Although they had captured many Northern cities, they could not control the countryside. • The British thought that if they gained territory in the South, Southern Loyalists would hold it for them.

10. SavannahandCharles Town • There were two other reasons the British moved the war to the South. • First, they expected large numbers of Southern slaves to join them because the British promised slaves their freedom.

11. SavannahandCharles Town Also, Britain’s West Indian colonies were close to Southern seaports, where British troops were stationed in the West Indies. If the British captured Southern ports, they could move troops between the two regions.

12. SavannahandCharles Town • In 1778, the British captured Savannah, Georgia. • Using Savannah as a base, they conquered most of Georgia. The conqueror of Savannah, Sir Archibald Campbell

13. SavannahandCharles Town • In 1780, a British army trapped American forces in Charles Town, largest city in the South. • When the city’s 5,000 defenders surrendered, the Americans lost almost their entire Southern army. • It was the worst American defeat of the war.

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15. 10. Why did the British decide to invade the South? • They believed that most Southerners were Loyalists. • They were pursuing Washington’s army as it retreated. • They expected runaway slaves to join their army. • Replacements and supplies could be sent from British bases in the nearby West Indies. • The Americans had no army in the South. Choose all that are true!

16. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting After the loss at Charles Town, General Horatio Gates – the victor at Saratoga – formed a new Southern army and headed for Camden, South Carolina.

17. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • Continental soldiers led by Baron de Kalb formed the army’s core. • Its job was to fight the British forces led by Lord Cornwallis.

18. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • On the way, Gates’ army met a band of Patriot guerrillas led by Francis Marion, known as the “Swamp Fox.” • Gates sent Marion to destroy boats on the Santee River, to stop the British from sending messages to Charles Town.

19. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • In August 1780, the British encountered Gates’ army near Camden. • The Americans were out of supplies and half-starved.

20. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • Even worse, Gates put the inexperienced militia along part of the frontline instead of behind the veterans. • When the British attacked, the militia panicked and ran, as did Gates.

21. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • De Kalb remained with his soldiers and received fatal wounds (he died)… • This second defeat in the South ended Gates’ term as head of an army and caused American spirits to fall to a new low.

22. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • After Camden, Marion’s continued fighting, operating from a base in the swamps. • When a small British force set out for Charles Town with American prisoners, Marion’s band attacked them and freed the prisoners.

23. The Swamp Fox and Guerrilla Fighting • Marion’s men also cut the British supply line using guerrilla tactics. • Both Patriot and Loyalist formed guerrilla bands in the South, and they carried out vicious raids.

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25. How did Gates’ errors in leadership contribute to the American loss at Camden? • He divided his army in a doomed plan to surround Cornwallis’ forces. • He had relied on troops weak with hunger and low on supplies. • He placed inexperienced troops on the front line. • He acted on information provided by Loyalist spies. Choose all that are true!

26. What methods did the Swamp Fox use to defeat the British? • He attacked civilian targets. • His men wore civilian clothing and relied on surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks. • He used explosive devices to destroy the enemy. • His men fought disguised as British soldiers.

27. The Tide Turns • In the South, some battles were brutal. • In the Battle of Kings Mountain the Americans killed almost 1,000 Loyalist and British soldiers.

28. The Tide Turns Many of the dead had been shot or hangedafter they surrendered. The Americans killed them in revenge for Loyalist raids and an earlier incident in which the British had butchered Americans.

29. The Tide Turns • After Gates’ defeat at Camden, Washington put General Nathanael Greene in charge of the Southern army. • Greene had been a Quaker, most of whom are pacifists, but his church had cast him out because he believed in the war against Britain.

30. The Tide Turns • Since the British had the edge because of superior firepower, Greene avoided full-scale battles. • Instead, the American forces let the British chase them around the countryside and wear themselves out.

31. The Tide Turns • When the Americans did fight, they did their best to make sure the British suffered heavy losses. • As the fighting dragged on into its sixth year, opposition to the war grew in Britain.

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33. What strategy did Greene use against the British? • He avoided fighting full-scale battles with the redcoats. • He let them chase his army around the countryside and wear themselves out. • He made sure that the British suffered heavy losses in every fight. • He used small bands of Loyalist soldiers in surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks. Choose all that are true!

34. 11. What caused the tide to turn in favor of the Americans? • The best British generals had already been killed or captured. • British soldiers butchered wounded prisoners and lost Loyalist support. • Opposition to the war began to grow in Britain as the fighting dragged on. • France withdrew its naval support of the British army.

35. The End of the War • In 1781, most fighting took place in Virginia. • In July 1781, the British general Cornwallis set up his base in Yorktown, Virginia, located on a peninsula in Chesapeake Bay. • The site made it possible for his army to receive supplies by ship from New York.

36. The End of the War In August of 1781, a French fleet blocked the Chesapeake Bay, preventing the British from receiving supplies and from escaping.

37. The End of the War Washington and a large French force led by General Jean Rochambeaucame down from the North and trapped Cornwallis on the peninsula.

38. The End of the War • When British ships tried to reach Cornwallis, French ships drove them back. • In the Battle of Yorktown, the American and French troops bombarded Yorktown with cannon fire, turning its buildings to rubble.

39. The End of the War • Having no way out, Cornwallis surrendered his 8,000 men on October 19, 1781. • Although some fighting continued, Yorktown was the last major battle of the war.

40. The End of the War Leaders of the British government were forced to resign, and Britain’s new leaders began to negotiate a peace treaty. King George III wasn’t a happy camper either…

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42. 12. How did Washington defeat the British at Yorktown? • Nathaniel Greene surrendered to Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden. • King George III ordered Parliament to recall the British Army from the colonies. • Parliament ignored King George III and recalled the British Army from the colonies. • American and French troops forced Cornwallis to surrender in the Battle of Yorktown.

43. Who helped George Washington win the victory at Yorktown? • Ethan Allen's 'Green Mountain Boys' • Francis Marion's 'Swamp Foxes‘ • The French navy • Several Native American groups

44. What event of 1781 signaled the end of the Revolutionary War? • Nathaniel Greene surrendered to Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden. • American and French troops forced Cornwallis to surrender in the Battle of Yorktown. • King George III ordered Parliament to recall the British Army from the colonies. • Parliament ignored King George III and recalled the British Army from the colonies.