How NASA Balances Safety & Risk in Harsh Environments

1. How NASA Balances Safety & Risk in Harsh Environments Trey Hall The Rothe Companies With Team Raytheon

2. Similarities – Space & Subsea • Operating in Remote, Hostile Environments • (Except weight and opposite pressure gradients) Astronauts & Divers Subsea Fields & Lunar/Mars Settlements Satellites & Capping Stacks Historically Common Roots

3. We Have a Lot to Learn from One Another • We’ve grown up independently, • But never really compared notes, • Though we’re close neighbors. • We’re learning tough lessons. • We’re meeting the Challenges of Complex Modern Systems. • It’s time to compare notes….

4. Capturing Lessons-Learned & Improving • Benchmarking Best Practices • Planning & Execution Challenger • Command & Control Architecture Piper Alpha • Simulations, Joint Integrated Sims Columbia • Emergency Response, Crisis Mgmt Macondo • Teamwork, Coordination, & Communication Protocol

5. Murphy Evolves & Lives! • Growing Systems Sophistication Require Sophisticated Systems Engineering & Management • Advanced Systems Take ~7 Combined Failures to Create Catastrophic Results • Yet, Our Human Nature Resists Change • Repeated Mistakes and Lessons-Learned • We Still Succumb to Budget & Schedule Pressure • We Still Engage in Group Think and Shared Rationalisms • We Still Create Faulty Consensus and the Illusion of Invulnerability

6. Challenges & Course Corrections • With System Advances and Stubborn Human Tendencies, We Must Remain Vigilant and Aware • Arrogance in the Face of Subtle (and not-so-Subtle) Warnings Can be Deadly • Key Component: Humility • Real Possibility that Comprehensive Worker Understanding may Decrease with Growth in Systems Sophistication • Separating Noise from Important, Actionable Data

7. Challenger & Columbia • Similar Themes to Piper-Alpha, Macondo • Key Contributor: Command & Control Architecture, Communications Protocol, affected by different cultures in Management, Engineering, & Operations • Dissenting Opinions Were Not Effectively Heard or Listened To • Intimidation Lead to Acquiescence • Ultimate Consequences Were Realized • Challenger Cold O-Rings  Blowby  Explosion • Columbia Ice  Wing Leading Edge Crack  Plasma  Structural Failure

8. The Pull Towards Disaster • The More Momentum that is Gained Towards a Decided Action, and the Nearer it is in Time, the Harder it is to Change Direction • This is True Even in the Presence of New Information that Would Have Otherwise Changed the Original Decision • Challenger Launch Delayed Twice, Agency Under Schedule Pressure, Funding Being Debated in Congress • Cold Temperatures at the Launch Pad Were Below O-Ring Specifications • Even After an Issue has been Identified, Blinders may Actively Prevent Presentation of New Important Information or Capabilities that Could Change the Ultimate Outcome • Satellite Survey of Shuttle Wings Offered But Rejected

9. Change • Because of Genuine Reflection, Self Study, and Industry Best-Practices Benchmarking, NASA has Reassessed Certain Practices • Recognize, Elevate, and Evaluate Dissenting Opinions • Institute Training to Identify and Avoid Group Think, and Encourage Situational Awareness • Create Open Communication Climate • Avoid Isolation; Encourage Participation • Implement Critical Evaluations; Independent Opinions (Devil’s Advocates)

10. Technical Competence & Preparation • Looking at Data From Multiple Viewpoints to Ensure Understanding • Safety Professional Credibility • Earned Through Competency, Trust, Collaboration • Ability to Recognize or Identify When Table-Top Training or Computer Simulations Are Not Enough • NASA Trains Astronauts for ExtraVehicular Activities using Table-Top & Virtual Reality Training, But Also Underwater in a High-Fidelity, 3-D Physically-Accurate Environment. • Nothing Else Quite Compares, and More Sufficiently Identifies Issues

11. Neutral Buoyancy Lab • 102’ wide x 202’ long x 40’ deep; 6.2M Gal FW; ~86 deg F., • Controlled, Instrumented Environment • Reliable Up-Time, Even in Inclement Weather • Vertically-Integrated Capabilities (Configuration, Testing, Simulation, Animation, Engineering, Manufacturing, Logistics, & Dive Staff) ISO 9001-2008 Facility

12. World Class Safety • OSHA VPP Star of Excellence multiple-awardee • No Lost Time: In-water Dive Ops: 183,622 + hours • No Lost Time: Days Away Incidents for 1792 + Days • No Lost Time: Restricted Work Cases for 2656 + Days Safety Cultures are Similar Safety & Test Readiness Reviews, Pre-Op & Post-Op Reviews #’s as of June 2013

13. NBL Capabilities • On-site Oceaneering Millennium Working Class ROV • Inspection-Class ROV • Two High Bays for Integration, Staging and Test • Overhead/Overwater Bridge Cranes, Jib and Davits • Dive Ops/SCUBA; Nitrox, Air, Surface-Supply • Underwater Video & Comm; Control Rooms; IT & Data Systems; Conference & Classrooms. • Vertically-Integrated Capabilities: Engrg thru Mfg. • Real-Time Brainstorming & Problem Solving • Rapid Prototyping, Design-Fab-Test Cycles • Concept ROV-Operable BOP Panels • Fully-Functional Intervention Interfaces

14. NASA Use & Background • NASA Enhances Simulation, Virtual Reality, and Table Top Training with In-Water “0-g” Training • Complex Operations in Remote, Hostile Environment • High Consequence Operations Requiring High Confidence and Control • Process/Procedure Development, Optimization • Key Steps to Success • Nominal Task, Off-Nominal Response • Anticipated & Prepared-For in Advance • Makes the Unexpected More Manageable

15. Why is the NBL Available? Pipeline Inspection Test Articles • Shuttle Retired • Space Station Assembly is Complete • Less Astronaut Training • Creating “Excess Capacity” • We’re making this National Asset available to external users • Oil & Gas is a Natural Fit • The NBL is a great Test Basin for O&G Mfg Facility

16. Why Use the NBL? • Computer Sims and Dry SITs are Incredibly Valuable, but Sometimes Not Enough for Complex Systems and Tasks. • Computer Sims can add environmental conditions (current, turbidity), large-scale functionality, but can be idealistic • Augment Sims and Dry SITs with 3-D, Hi-Fi Submerged Test Environment (Wet SITs) • Improve Safety • Save Time • Reduce Expense • Vessel Mob/DeMob, Vessel Day Rates, Execution Delays, Work Replanning, Re-Work

17. Why Use the NBL? • Improve Confidence; Increase Test Realism • Accelerate Critical Project Schedules • Optimize Productivity & Efficiency of Key Houston-Based Resources • Maximize Situational Awareness • Improve Wet SIT Reliability • Near 100% Facility Uptime • Increase Simulation and Training Fidelity • Actual Underwater Environment • Buoyancy, Resistance, Added Mass • Full Use of System Controls • Thrust, Tool Behavior, System Response • Reduce Operational Risk • Define Task Requirements, Refine Processes and Procedures, Optimize Timelines, Perform Efficiency Trade Studies

18. Why Use the NBL? • Improve Preparation; Ensuring Operational Readiness prior to moving to deepwater environment. • Enhance Project Execution; • Improve Data upon which to base real-time decisions • Improve Ability to React to Unexpected Events • Optimize Training to Verify Competency in Advance Diver Supported Testing • Example: Agbami West Africa Subsea Project • 36 Missions: 18 As-Planned; 15 Modified Real-Time; 3 Failures Totally Re-Planned Real Time

19. Applications in Oil & Gas and Deep Offshore Technology • Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Testing & Development • 3-D Mapping • Subsea Technology Research & Development Testing • Pipeline Inspection, Down Hole Sensors, Etc. • Atmospheric Dive Systems Tests & Certification • Lloyd’s Certification

20. Applications in Oil & Gas and Deep Offshore Technology • Cascade Chinook FSHR Buoyancy Can Chain Inspection and Repair Feasibility & Solution Trade Studies • Prototyping & Hardware Production • 10 day SIT • Thunder Horse Water Injection Process Development; 22 day SIT • Working Class ROV Systems Integration Testing

21. Applications in Oil & Gas and Deep Offshore Technology OPITO-approved Safety & Survival Training, including HUET, BOSIET, Major Emergency Management (MEM)Training (Similar to NASA Flight Controller Training) Underwater Systems Integrated Ops: AUVs, ROVs, ADSs Integrated Engineering and Manufacturing Animation & Simulation

22. Future Applications in Oil & Gas Broad Scale Joint Integrated Sims Compliance for ROV Pilots (BOP Intervention) ROV Test &Training Center of Excellence Best of All Worlds – Training, Simulation, Wet SITs, Competency, Confidence

23. Where? In Your Backyard Only 22 Miles from Downtown Houston

24. Conclusion Over the Years, NASA – like Offshore Oil & Gas – has Learned Valuable Lessons in Managing Risk and Improving Safety Through Communication, Recognition of Human Traits, Maintaining Vigilance, and Improving Preparation Through High-Fidelity Simulations. When There is Only One Chance to Safely Do It Right, or as an Intermediate Step to Sea Trails, Enhance Preparation and Execution with High-Fidelity Wet SITs in a Local, Reliable, Controlled Environment, Saving Time and Resources. Reduce Complex Operations Risk in Hostile, Remote Environments. You’re Invited; Come See Us!

25. Contact information Trey Hall, V.P./C.O.O. The Rothe Companies NBL External Customer Office Manager Trey@Rothe.com C: 713-829-7466 www.Rothe.com Or, Contact NASA or any of our Team Mates