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Interim #1 Study Guide. 6 th Grade Earth Science. Rocks and Minerals. Define: organic and inorganic What are the properties of minerals? How and where are igneous rocks formed? Explain the difference between intrusive and extrusive
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Interim #1 Study Guide 6th Grade Earth Science
Rocks and Minerals • Define: organic and inorganic • What are the properties of minerals? • How and where are igneous rocks formed? Explain the difference between intrusive and extrusive • How and where are metamorphic rocks formed? Explain the differences between foliated and non-foliated. • How and where are sedimentary rocks formed? Explain the differences between clastic, organic, and chemical. • Explain the Rock Cycle. Is there a start and finish point?
Organic Materials made from the remains of living things
Inorganic Materials that were never living nor will never live
What are the properties of minerals? (7) • Color • Luster • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture • Density • Hardness
How and where are igneous rocks formed? • When hot, liquid rock, or magma, cools and hardens. • Near volcanos
Explain the difference in intrusive and extrusive • Intrusive: • Forms inside the earth • Extrusive: • Forms on the Earth’s surface
How and where are metamorphic rocks formed? • Forms when the chemical composition of a rock changes because of heat and pressure. • MOST metamorphic rock is formed deep below earth’s surface. Pressure comes from rocks above while heat comes from the mantle and core of the earth.
What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated? • Foliated: • Minerals are arranged in stripes or bands. • Non-foliated: • Mineral crystals are not arranged in any pattern.
Explain the difference between clastic, organic and chemical. • Clastic: • Form when fragments of other rocks are cemented together. • Organic: • Form from the remains of any living things. • Chemical: • Form when minerals crystallize out of water.
Rock Cycle in words The rock cycle is a continuous changing of rocks from one type to another. If you start with an igneous rock, weathering breaks them down, erosion moves the sediment, then cementation occurs to produce a sedimentary rock.
Paleontology • Explain each law: Superposition, horizontality, and uniformitarianism. • Compare and contrast absolute and relative dating. • How does the fossil record show us how life and the environment have changed on Earth? • Why are the fossil records incomplete? • How old is the Earth? • In what type of rock are most fossils found?
The principle of uniformitarianism • The forces shaping Earth today are the same forces that shaped Earth in the past. These changes happened slowly!
The law of superposition. Older rock layers are found at the bottom of a rock formation, and younger rock layers are found at the top.
horizontality • Unless disturbed, rock layers form in straight, horizontal layers
Absolute dating • Finding the exact age of an object.
Relative • a rock’s age compared to the ages of other rocks. Usually found by using index fossils.
Fossil record The ____ _____ is a collection of fossils that show evidence of how organisms have changed over time or become extinct.
Why are fossil records incomplete? • Some organisms never became fossils and some have not been discovered yet.
How old is Earth? • About 4.6 billion years old
In what type of rock are most fossils found? • Sedimentary
Ecology • What are some ways to conserve energy? • List all the alternative energy resources that are renewable and give advantages and disadvantages. • Explain the difference between non-renewable and renewable resources. Be sure to give examples of each. • Where does the energy from fossil fuels originate from?
What are some ways to conserve energy? • Turn off lights when you leave the room. • Unplug electronics when not in use.
solar energy • energy from the sun in the form of radiation.
Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy- 2 of each • Advantages: • Can be used directly for heat • Doesn’t produce pollution • Disadvantages: • Expensive to set up • We do not have the correct technology to produce enough electrical energy that we need
hydroelectricity • electrical energy produced from falling water.
What are the advantages and disadvantage of hydroelectricity? 3 of each • Advantages include: • Causes little pollution • Gives off significant amounts of energy • Could reduce the amount of fossil fuels used • Disadvantages of include: • You must be near a water source • You must build dams and they create erosion problems and decrease water quality • Large numbers of fish die due to dams as well as destroys forests and wildlife habitats
Geothermal energy • Energy found deep within the earth; usually comes to the surface of the earth as geysers, natural vents, or wells drilled in rocks.
What is the advantage and disadvantages of wind energy? • Advantages: - 2 • can generate significant amounts of energy • Doesn’t cause pollution • Disadvantages:- 1 • Unreliable due to wind that isn’t strong enough or frequent enough to depend on
Wind energy • Energy that is an indirect form of solar energy through unequal heating of air. To harness wind energy you need windmills.
Nuclear Energy • The energy released by a fission or fusion reaction between atoms.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy? • Advantages: (1) • Very powerful • Disadvantages: (2) • Produce dangerous radioactive wastes • Needs special environments to be safe
Advantages and disadvantages of biomass • Advantage: (1) • it is renewable and can be inexpensive. • Disadvantage: (2) • it requires land to grow • it does not produce enough energy to keep up with our needs.
Difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources • Renewable resources can be replaced within our lifetime while nonrenewable resources can not.
Where does the energy contained in fossil fuels come from? • energy originally from the sun that has been absorbed by living organisms
Plate Tectonics • List all the layers of the earth from the surface to the interior. Be sure to describe the make-up of each. • What happens when oceanic crust and continental crust converge? • What do convection currents found in our mantle cause? • What was Alfred Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift and name his supercontinent. • What is sea-floor spreading? • What are the three types of plate boundaries and what type of landforms do they create?
Layers of the Earth from inside out Inner Core Outer Core Mantle (Asthenosphere) (Lithosphere) Crust
When oceanic crust and continental crust converge • Subduction occurs and Volcanos are usually formed.
What do convection currents in our mantle cause? The movement of tectonic plates
Theory of continental drift • All continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since.
Sea-floor spreading The process by which new lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface of the oceanic crust and solidifies. This usually takes place at the mid-ocean ridge.
What are the three types of plate boundaries? • Convergent – where plates are moving toward one another • Divergent – where plates are moving away from one another • Transform – where plates are sliding horizontally past one another
What type of landforms do the plate boundaries create? • Convergent- mountains, volcanoes • Divergent- rift zones, valleys • Transform- earthquakes
Earthquakes and Volcanoes • What is deformation? • What are the three types of stresses and the landforms that can be found at each? • Where do most earthquakes take place? • What are the seismic waves? • Explain the difference between the epicenter and focus. • What is the Ring of Fire? • What is a hot spot? Give and example. • Why does magma rise up?
Deformation The change in shape of the land due to pressure being applied. It is NOT always bad because it does not always lead to destructive results
What are the three types of stress and the landforms that can be found at each? • Compression- forms mountains. • Shearing -This causes earthquakes. • Tension - This can cause sea-floor spreading or rift valleys.
