February 16, Week # 6 NB - 93

1. February 16, Week # 6NB-93 Learning Target: I will • Define mutation. • Define mutagen. • Explain 3 different types of mutations. Homework: • Read p. 194-200 • Answer questions 1-7 on p. 200 Agenda: • Homework (NB-92 & 89) • DNA mutations • Organize notebooks Essential Question: • If both the father and mother are Tt, what are the chances of producing tt offspring?

2. Learning Target: I will • Complete a Punnett Square to predict • genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. • A genotype is • the DNA coding for a trait (EE) • A phenotype is • the trait we observe (free earlobes) • A percentage is • an amount compared to 100. • A ratio is a • relation between 2 numbers

3. Mutations A change in DNA

4. Chromosomes and DNA

5. IIA. Mutations – Changes in DNA Changes in DNA can cause changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins, which can have effects on the shape and function of proteins. Normal Functional Protein Shape Translation Transcription Normal DNA Translation Transcription Different Shape-- 1. Different Function 2. No Function Mutated DNA

7. Ex: Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by single amino acid change in hemoglobin Q: Is this a gene or a chromosomal mutation? A: Gene mutation. Sickle Cell RBC Normal RBC

8. Ex: Down Syndrome Caused by a 3rd copy of chromosome 21 Q: Is this a gene or a chromosomal mutation? A: Chromosomal mutation.

9. Ex: Cancer Cancer occurs when mutations cause cells to grow in an uncontrolled way

10. Famous Mutants

11. IIB. Causes of Mutations (mutagens) 1. Environment sunlight smoke Chemicals Radiation 2. Mistakes during replication. AAT TGG ATC CTT ACC TAT ATT GGG GGG GCC CAA TAG AAT TGG ATC CGT ACC TAT ATT GGG GGG GCC CAA TAG

12. Types of Mutations 1. What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation? A:

13. 3 types of gene mutations Deletion Substitution Insertion

14. IID. Types of Mutations – Substitutions • Replacement of 1 nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides. • Effects of base pair substitutions • no change • insignificant change • alteration in structure and thus function of protein

15. IID. Types of Mutations – Substitutions Analogy of a Base Pair Substitution Mutation 1) A Point Mutation: Normal Sample Gene: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Gene with a Point Mutation: The fat bat ate the wee rat. The meaning of the sentence has changed with a 1 letter difference.

16. Lets apply that knowledge to DNA & Proteins Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is produced by a number of organisms, such as the jellyfish. There are three amino acids which are critical for GFP’s green fluorescent color. Only a 1 amino acid difference changes green to blue, and blue to cyan. Why does this happen? Aequoria victoria

17. Production of wild type Green Fluorescent Protein Part of a normal GFP Gene Transcription mRNA produced Translation at ribosomes Green Fluorescent Protein

18. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

19. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

20. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

21. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

22. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

23. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

24. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

25. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

26. A Base Pair Substitution Mutation Occurs…

27. Production of Blue Fluorescent Protein Part of a mutated Gene Base Pair Substitution Mutation Transcription mRNA produced Translation at ribosomes Blue Fluorescent Protein

28. IIC. Analogy of a Frameshift Mutation Normal Sample Gene: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Gene with a Deletion Frameshift Mutation- 1 letter deleted. The fat caa tet hew eer at Regardless of the changes in the DNA, the mRNA is always read in 3 letter increments in the ribosomes. The meaning of the sentence has changed dramatically with a 1 letter difference.

29. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

30. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

31. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

32. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

33. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

34. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

35. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

36. A Deletion Mutation Occurs…

37. A Deletion Mutation = Non functional protein Site of Deletion Transcription mRNA produced Translation at ribosomes Nonfunctional Protein no fluorescence

38. IIC. Analogy of a Frameshift Mutation Normal Sample Gene: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Gene with an Addition Frameshift Mutation- 1 letter added. The fat caa tat eth ewe era t Regardless of the changes in the DNA, the mRNA is always read in 3 letter increments in the ribosomes. The meaning of the sentence has changed dramatically with a 1 letter difference.

39. What type of mutation? • Gene or chromosome? • Insertion, deletion, or substitution?

40. What type of mutation? • Gene or chromosome? • Insertion, deletion, or substitution?

41. What type of mutation? • Gene or chromosome? • Insertion, deletion, or substitution?

42. Not all mutations are harmful!

47. IV. Why are Mutations Important? • Mutations provide the raw material for natural selection. • Changes in the bases of DNA may cause a change in a protein which gives an organism an advantage: • Bigger teeth, faster runner, better vision, different fluorescent colors etc. • Organisms with advantages may leave more offspring… • Directed Evolution • Now possible to produce optimal mutations. • Let’s return to Fluorescent Proteins…..

48. Learning Target: I will • Complete a Punnett Square to predict • genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. • A genotype is • the DNA coding for a trait (EE) • A phenotype is • the trait we observe (free earlobes) • A percentage is • an amount compared to 100. • A ratio is a • relation between 2 numbers

49. Organize Notebooks10 minutes

50. Learning Target: I will • Complete a Punnett Square to predict • genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. • A genotype is • the DNA coding for a trait (EE) • A phenotype is • the trait we observe (free earlobes) • A percentage is • an amount compared to 100. • A ratio is a • relation between 2 numbers