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V 2012.13

V 2012.13. Agenda. Week ‘ 0’ Meeting Review Fundraising Community Service Resources Week 1 Topic - CPUs : From Phones to Servers. Community & Fundraising. Fundraising : Why do we need funds? To Build a system ~$700-$900 Community. Tech Crew Resources. AHS Tech Crew

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V 2012.13

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  1. V2012.13

  2. Agenda • Week ‘0’Meeting Review • Fundraising • Community Service • Resources • Week 1 Topic - CPUs: From Phones to Servers

  3. Community & Fundraising • Fundraising : Why do we need funds? • To Build a system ~$700-$900 • Community

  4. Tech Crew Resources • AHS Tech Crew • On the web: http://ahstechcrew.org • Follow us on Twitter: #AHSTechCrew • Facebook: http://facebook.com/AHSTechCrew • Subscribe to Mailing list: http://ahstechcrew.org/lists • Twitter • If you have consent, consider an account • NOT a requirement! • T-Shirts • Limited sizes/colors

  5. Future Meeting Preview GAMING OPERATING SYSTEM NETWORK PERIPHERALS STORAGE CLOUD I/O DATA & DATABASES CPU NETWORK GRAPHICS GRAPHICS APP DEVELOPMENT VIRTUAL MEMORY LANGUAGES

  6. Future Meeting Preview • Included in each topic: • Guest Speaker* • Brief History • Definition • Technical Overview • Trends • Classroom/Online Challenges • Hands on (when practical) • Additional Content/Links • Project** NETWORK STORAGE I/O CPU GRAPHICS MEMORY *Not for every topic **Based on interest

  7. Terminology can be Confusing! SoC MPU Core Nanometer QUAD-CORE CPU PACKAGE DUAL-CORE GHz DIE THREAD clock speed Processor Embedded

  8. So, What is a CPU? • Central Processing Unit • Main central processing power of the computer • Does the "thinking" for the computer and tells other components (of the computer) what to do and when • Think of it as the human brain. It controls the whole body, and without it, we don't run • Terms CPU, Processor and MPU (Micro Processor Unit) are interchangeable

  9. How are CPUs Made? • There are 3 main components: • Package/Substrate • Is what you get when you buy a single processor • It contains one or more dies and gold-plated contacts that match those on your motherboard • Die • A single piece of silicon. A die can contain any number of cores • Processor die is where the transistors making up the CPU actually reside • Core • Execution engine

  10. CPU Diagram Heat Disperser Cores Die Package

  11. How are CPUs Made? (cont.) • Composed of thin layers (die) of thousands of transistors often call semi-conductors • CPU is composed of millions (and soon billions) of transistors (semi-conductors) • AMD, IBM, Intel, Motorola, Sun/Oracle are just a few of the companies that make most of the CPU's used for various kinds of computers including, phones, desktops, mainframes and supercomputers

  12. Intel Core-i5 Die

  13. Wait, So What is a Core? • Processor core is an independent execution unit that can run one program thread at a time in parallel with other cores • Today’s modern CPUs have either 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or more cores • Multi-Core Processors • Dual-Core (2), Quad-Core (4), Hexa-Core (6), etc • Because multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, overall speed is increased for programs or applications

  14. Now I’m Confused, What is a Thread? • Thread (short for "thread of execution") is merely an ordered sequence of instructions that tells the computer what to do (a task) • Thread count is the number of individual tasks which can be executing simultaneously on the CPU itself • Without any additional or special hardware, this is always equal to the core count

  15. Where Does Clock Rate Fit? • The speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions • The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second • Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) • Clock rate is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families

  16. And Then There’s Bit Size … • At their most basic level, computers communicate in binary language • Binary can be thought of as a series of switches that can either be "on“ (1) or "off“ (0), representing the presence or absence of electricity • As the number of bits increases there are two important benefits: • More data can be processed in larger chunks • Access to larger physical memory

  17. OK, One More Time … • A CPU is made up of a die, core(s) and a package/substrate • CPUs can have multiple cores • Each core can execute a thread in parallel • The clock dictates how fast tasks are executed • Larger ‘bit’ systems can access more memory in bigger chunks • Performance isn’t necessarily measured by biggest and fasted

  18. CPUs: A Brief History • ENIAC("Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer") was built in 1943 • Used nearly 17,500 vacuum tubes, 7,200 diodes and many miles of wire. It took up 1,800 square feet of space, and weighed almost 30 tons! • Cost around $500,000. That’s about $6 million today, adjusted for inflation • Original programmers of ENIAC computer were women

  19. CPUs: A Brief History • ENIAC took 70 hours to work out pi to 2000 decimal places • A modern PC with a CPU the size of 2x2 cm is exponentially faster than ENIAC, which used up an entire room • For an example, a modern PC can calculate a million decimal places of pi in about 10 seconds

  20. ENIAC

  21. CPUs: A Brief History 1971: Intel 4004 processor 1972: Intel 8008 processor 1974: Intel 8080 processor 1976: Intel 8085 processor 1978: Intel 8086 / 8088 processors 1982: Intel 80186 processor 1982: Intel 80286 processor 1982: AMD begins manufacturing IBM processors 1985: Intel 80386 DX processor 1988: Intel 80386 SX processor 1989: Intel 80486 DX processor 1989: Cyrix FasMath 83D87 & 83S8 math co-processors 1990: Intel 80386 SL processor 1991: Intel 80486 SX processors 1991: AMD's Am386 processor 1992: Intel 80486 SL processor 1992: Cyrix 486SLC & Cyrix 486DLC 1993: Intel Pentium processor 1993: AMD Am486 processor 1993: Cyrix 486DRx2 & Cyrix 486SLC 1995: Cyrix 5x86 1995: Intel Pentium Pro processor 1995: AMD-K5 processor 1995: Cyrix 6x86 1996: Cyrix MediaGX processor 1997: Intel Pentium II processor 1997: AMD-K6 processor 1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon Server processor 1998: Intel Pentium Celeron processor • 1999: Intel Pentium III processor • 1999: Intel Pentium Celeron Mobile processor • 1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon processor • 1999: AMD Athlon • 1999: Cyrix M3 • 2000: Intel Pentium 4 processor • 2001: Intel Xeon processor • 2001: Intel Itanium processor • 2001: AMD Athlon MP • 2002: Intel Itanium 2 processor • 2002: AMD Athlon XP • 2003: Intel Pentium M (Mobile) processor • 2003: Intel Pentium 4 processor with Hyper-Threading • 2003: AMD Opteron Server Processor • 2003: AMD Athlon 64 Processor • 2004: AMD Dual Core x86 based processor • 2004: Intel Pentium Celeron D processor • 2005: Intel Dual Core Xeon processor • 2005: AMD Turion 64 Mobile • 2005: AMD Athlon 64 x2 (Dual Core) • 2006: Intel Core Duo processor • 2006: Intel Core Solo ULV processor • 2006: Intel Dual Core Itanium 2 processor • 2006: Intel Quad-Core Xeon processor • 2006: Intel Core 2 Duo processor • 2006: Intel Pentiom Core 2 Extreme processor • 2006: Intel Pentiom Core Solo processor • 2007: Intel Core 2 Quad processor • 2008: Intel Core2 Extreme • 2008: Intel Atom • 2009: AMD Quad-Core Opteron processor • 2009: AMD Athlon Neo mobile processor • 2009: AMD Six-Core Opteron processor • 2009: Intel Core i7 • 2009: Intel Core i5 • 2009: AMD Phenom II X4 • 2010: Intel Core i3 • 2010: AMD Phenom II X6 • 2010: AMD Opteron 4000 series • 2010: AMD Opteron 6000 series (8 core and 12 core processors) • 2010: AMD Opteron 6100 series (8 core and 12 core processors) • 2011: AMD Fusion series (CPU and GPU on a single die) • 2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i3 • 2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i5 • 2011: Intel 2nd Generation Core i7 • 2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i3 • 2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i5 • 2012: Intel 3rd Generation Core i7

  22. Moore’s Law • Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder • Simplified version states: ‘The number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two years’

  23. Moore’s Law

  24. Moore’s Law

  25. Moore’s Law • He also stated the law cannot be sustained indefinitely: ‘It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens’

  26. Challenge #1 Can you think of any issues with the increase of processor speeds and memory?

  27. Different Types of CPUs • Embedded • Limited processing (although that’s changing) • Smaller memory footprints • Power consumption • SoC (System on a Chip) • Server • More cores or multiple CPU configurations • More/faster I/O • Error-correcting RAM • Redundancy

  28. What Can We Expect in the Future? • Advances in transistors • Lower Power Consumption • "Near Threshold Voltage“ • Refers to the amount of voltage required to switch a transistor from 0 to 1 • An NTV processor is able to operate much closer to the On/Off point. The result is a significant level of power savings. • Digital Radio (for phones, tablets, etc) • Used with WiFi, Bluetooth and 3G/4G chips • Convert analog technology to digital

  29. What Can We Expect in the Future? • More-than-Moore” (MtM) Scaling • The goal of MtM scaling is to extend the same design principles which have driven digital device scaling for decades over to analog circuitry, and to integrate those technologies • More than Moore explores a new area of micro/nanoelectronics, which reaches beyond the boundaries of conventional semiconductor technologies and applications

  30. More than Moore

  31. What Can We Expect in the Future? • Focus on SoC • SoC integrates almost all ‘computing’ components into a single silicon chip • Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU (a graphics processor), memory, USB controller, power management circuits, and wireless radios (WiFi, 3G, 4G LTE, and so on) • Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of other chips, it’s possible to build complete computers with just a single SoC

  32. Questions/Comments? Scott Seighman scotts@ahstechcrew.org

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