The Civil War

1. The Civil War

2. Remember these Presidents? • Andrew Jackson – Democrat • Martin Van Buren – Democrat • William H. Harrison – Whig • James Tyler – Whig • James K. Polk – Democrat • Zachary Taylor – Whig (died) • Millard Fillmore – Whig • Franklin Pierce – Democrat • James Buchanan - Democrat

3. Who is this Lincoln guy? • Before 1860 Abraham Lincoln was most famous for loosing an election to the Senate and his debates with Douglas the “Little Giant” • Lincoln made Douglas look like a defender of slavery and the Dred Scott decision • Douglas made Lincoln look like an abolitionist and someone who was for racial equality

4. Election • 270 to win 1860 election

5. The Straw that broke the Camels Back…. • Lincoln wins the Presidential Election of 1860 and the South acts quickly! • Lincoln is seen as an enemy and they called for secession! • By March, Lincoln’s inauguration, 7 states had left the Union

6. First Shots at Fort Sumter, SC • Lincoln did not want to start the war • Sent food to the hungry men • Davis fires on the fort • 1st shot of the Civil War • Virginia secedes

7. South Secedes • Virginia is the most populous state • By May North Carolina, Arkansas & Tennessee joins the Confederacy • 11 states • West Virginia secedes from Virginia and joins Union 1863 • Joins the Union: Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware

8. Union Strategies Men factories Railroad Food War of attrition Lincoln was a patient and decisive leader ANACONDA PLAN: blockade the southern ports to split Confederacy Confederate strategies King Cotton 1st ranked Generals Home field advantage Obstacles: civilian leaders poor states rights – obstinate America Expects a short warboth sides thought it would be over in a few weeks

9. Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • Lincoln ordered 30 thousand green troops to take Confederate capital – Richmond • Union encounters a green Southern Army • See saw battle • “Stonewall” Jackson helps South win 1st battle • South did not pursue the Northern retreat • Many Southerners thought they had won the war and went home!

10. This famous nickname was first given to Jackson by General Bernard Bee on the battlefield at First Manassas on July 21, 1861. It refers to Jackson's steadfastness in the face of the enemy. Jackson's demeanor inspired Bee (a friend from Jackson's years at West Point) to shout to his troops, "Look, men, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall! Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer!"Jackson's troops also referred to him as "Old Jack." Stonewall Jackson

11. Lincoln calls for 500,000 troops 3 year enlistment General McClellan heads the Army of the Potomac Camped near Washington In the East the battles are for the capitals at Richmond and DC Union forces in West fighting for control of Mississippi Feb. 1862 Ulysses S. Grant invades and takes two Confederate forts : Fort Henry on the Tennessee River & Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River Union Armies

12. Ulysses S. Grant • West Point graduate – bottom of class • Failed at most civilian life jobs: bill collector, farmer, store clerk, real estate agent! • Brave and tough decisive military commander • Shatters the myth of southern invincibility • Unconditional Surrender Grant

13. Shiloh • March of 1862 Grant had troops near a small Tennessee church – Shiloh – close to Mississippi border • April 6, thousands of Confederate troops surprised Union forces • Grant reorganized troops counterattacked and had Confederate forces in retreat • Lessons learned: send out scouts, dig trenches, and build fortifications • 100,000 men fought ¼ dies, injured or captured • Bloody, Bloody War

14. Farragut on the Lower Mississippi • David Farragut, 60 year old Naval Commander, took 40 ships up Mississippi River past 2 Confederate Forces. His job was to seize New Orleans • Captures New Orleans • Between Farragut and Grant the Union plan to split the Confederacy in half is almost done

15. http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/m_now.html http://www.monitorcenter.org/ Ironclads Rifle - backload Minie ball – soft lead bullet Hand grenades Land mines Revolution in Warfare

16. War for the Capitals2 parts of the Unions’ 3 part plan going well – except McClellan taking RichmondLincoln says ”borrow his army if he is not going to use it!” • McClellan moves army down Potomac to Chesapeake Bay • McClellan takes on Robert E. Lee – 7 Days Battles • Lee, whose army lost more men, scares McClellan from his objective - Richmond

17. Antietam • Robert E. Lee crosses Potomac to take D.C. in the Union state of Maryland • McClellan finds Lee’s orders wrapped around some cigars! • The orders revealed that Jackson’s and Lee’s armies were separated • Bloodiest single day battle in America’s history 26,000 dead • Cautious McClellan does not pursue Lee’s army back into Virginia • November 7, 1862 Lincoln fires McClellan “the slows” • This battle gave Lincoln the political power to issue the Emancipation Proclamation 5 days later!

18. Antietam Photos • http://www.nps.gov/archive/anti/photos/Hist_photos.htm • http://www.civilwaralbum.com/antietam/antietam_pan1.htm

19. Britain remains Neutral • Britain gets cotton from India and Egypt. • Southern cotton is no longer King Cotton!

20. Trent Incident Confederacy sends two men to Britain to get Recognition Union arrests two men and Britain threatens war Britain sends troops to Canada Lincoln frees men Alabama Claims Britain supplied Confederacy with ships Alabama sank or captured 64 American merchant vessels US claims 19 million in damages 1872 International tribunal gave US 15.5 million dollars Great Britain during the War

21. Emancipation Proclamation • “All persons with slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free….And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice…..”

22. Northern Abolitionists push for an end to slavery Lincoln disliked slavery Goal to save Union Uses war powers to free SOUTHERN slaves This discourages great Britain from helping the South Free slaves in seceding states Slave states in Union not affected Territory in US hands not affected by proclamation Moral – not just political Emancipation Proclamation

23. Reactions to the Proclamation • DC rejoiced • Blacks could now enlist in the Army • Democrats believed it prolonged war and gave southerners a cause • Confederate States went wild! • War was now a war to the death – South was fighting for their way of life!

24. Dealing with Dissent • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus • 13,000 Southern sympathizers held w/o being charged - riots • Lincoln seized telegraph offices – ignored Supreme Court • Copperheads – Northern democrats who wanted peace with south – arrested • Lincoln set a precedent in wartime – expanding powers • Jefferson Davis suspended habeas corpus in the South

25. Conscription=draft • Both North and South passed conscription laws – casualties and desertion • Confederates – all men 18-35 then 17 -50! • Union 20-45 for 3 years $300.00 to enlist. Bounty on Jumpers • Draft riots in NYC – Irish • 4 days July 13-16 riots, lynching • Burned a black orphanage

26. Problem Slavery Dissent Shortages of soldiers Solution Emancipation Proclamation Suspension of Habeas Corpus Conscription Political Problems

27. Gettysburg – day 1 • Barefoot Confederate troops marched towards Gettysburg b/c they thought there was a supply of footwear. • Confederates ran into Union Cavalry led by John Buford • Buford ordered his men to take defensive positions on the hills surrounding the town • Shooting began and attracted more soldiers

28. Gettysburg – day 2 • July 2, • Confederate General Longstreet attacked Cemetery Ridge • Colonel Chamberlain led his Maine troops to meet the Rebels • Ran out of ammo led a bayonet charge • Chamberlain held Little Round Top,

29. Gettysburg – day 3 • Lee orders an attack at the middle of the Union line – battle could be heard in Pittsburg • Lee orders Pickett to charge the line – Union held • Union General Meade did not order a counter attack

30. Gettysburg - COPY • Union and Confederate Army fought near Gettysburg, PA • Union General Meade held the high ground • Lee gave up all hope of invading the North • Union lost 23,000 men – killed/wounded • Confederates lost 28,000 troops • Stench unbearable – July heat!

31. U.S. Grant forces the surrender of the Confederates at Vicksburg, Mississippi Confederates were starving and they petitioned their commander to surrender Confederacy was split in two! Gettysburg Address November, 1863 Ceremony to dedicate the cemetery Lincoln gave a two minute speech United States are to United States is….. The End is near

32. Appomattox, Virginia • Grant and Lee battle in Virginia • Commander Sherman takes Atlanta and turns North to help Grant • Lincoln is re-elected in 1864 • April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met at the Appomattox Court House • At Lincoln’s request terms were generous –why? • Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers, sent them home with possessions, horses and three days rations

33. War is Over!