“The role of institutions in a new generation of homeless in the US”

1. “The role of institutions in a new generation of homeless in the US” Stephen Metraux, PhD University of the Sciences Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA

2. Not only is [the inmate’s] relative social position within the walls radically different from what it was on the outside, but, as he comes to learn, if and when he gets out, his social position on the outside will never again be quite what it was prior to entrance. • Erving Goffman (1961) “Asylums”

3. Age Distribution of Single Adults: New York City Shelters, 1988-2010 (Culhane et al. 2014)

4. Cumulative Institutional Discharges among First Time Shelter Admissions (1997) - Proportions Incarceration Both Hospitalization Neither (Metraux, Byrne & Culhane 2010)

5. Time Spent in Institutions in 2-Year Period Prior to NY/NY Housing Placement (Culhane, Metraux & Hadley 2002)

6. New NYC shelter admissions under 25 years old – Proportion exiting child welfare system Homelessness & Youth Exiting the Child Welfare System • Adult Shelter System: 20% • Family Shelter System: 22% • Overall 21% (Park, Metraux & Culhane 2005)

7. Youth Exiting the Child Welfare System & County Services Use in Los Angeles (Culhane, Metraux & Byrne 2011)

8. Incarceration among a sheltered point-in-time population in NYC (Metraux & Culhane 2006)

9. (The Sentencing Project 2014)

10. Homeless Iran & Afghanistan Vets (actual and at risk) FY2006 – FY2011 (US Dept. of Veterans Affairs, VHA Support Services Center data)

11. Homeless Risk Among Post-9/11 Veterans • Deployment (Iraq or Afghanistan) associated with higher risk (OR=1.3) • Deployment-related PTSD associated with higher risk (OR=1.3) • Pay grade had strongest association (44% in lowest pay grade accounted for 72% of homeless) • 18% diagnosed with some type of behavioral health disorder comprised 44% of homeless (Metraux et al., 2013)

12. Recommendations • Focus prevention efforts on emerging younger cohort • Extend institutional jurisdiction into the community • Prepare for reentry - institutional in-reach & targeted prevention services • Adopt non-institutional solutions to homelessness • Reduce levels of institutional care & custody

13. s.metraux@usp.edu References • Culhane DP, Metraux S, Byrne TH, Stino M & Bainbridge J (2013). “The Aging of Contemporary Homelessness.” Contexts 12(2): 66-68. • Culhane DP, Metraux S & Byrne T (2011). Young Adult Outcomes Of Youth Exiting Dependent Or Delinquent Care In Los Angeles County. Los Angeles: Conrad Hilton Foundation. • Culhane DP, Metraux S & Hadley TR (2002). "The Impact of Supportive Housing for Homeless People with Severe Mental Illness on the Utilization of the Public Health, Corrections, and Emergency Shelter Systems: The New York-New York Initiative." Housing Policy Debate 13(1): 107-163. • Goffman E (1961). Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Anchor Books. • Metraux S, Byrne TH & Culhane DP (2010). “Institutional Discharges and Subsequent Shelter Use Among Unaccompanied Adults in New York City.” Journal of Community Psychology 38(1): 28-38. • Metraux S, Clegg L, Daigh JD, Culhane DP & Kane V (2013). “Risk factors for becoming homeless among a cohort of veterans who served in the era of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.” American Journal of Public Health 103(S2): S255-S261. • Metraux S & Culhane DP (2006). “Recent Incarceration History Among a Sheltered Homeless Population.” Crime & Delinquency, 52(3): 504-517. • Park JM, Metraux S, & Culhane DP (2005). “Childhood out-of-home placement and dynamics of public shelter utilization among young homeless adults.” Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 533-546. • The Sentencing Project (2014). Incarceration. Accessed at: http://www.sentencingproject.org/template/page.cfm?id=107