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CROSS LAYER DESIGN. CMPT 820: Multimedia Systems Kaushik Choudhary. Outline. Problem Definition Motivation for Optimal Strategy Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization Impact of Cross Layer Strategies
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CROSS LAYER DESIGN CMPT 820: Multimedia Systems KaushikChoudhary
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Problem Definition • Define problem as an optimization to select a joint strategy across multiple OSI layers (PHY, MAC and APP) • One-hop wireless network where network and transport layers play less important roles.
Problem Definition Autonomous Wireless Stations (WSTAs) = M, Available wireless resources = R ∈ R+, Channel condition experienced by WSTA i = SNRi, Video source characteristics = ξi, Current state information (private information) of WSTA i= xi = (SNRi, ξi) Resource allocation = T(R) = [t1,……,tM] ∈ R+M Time allocation by resource coordinator to WSTA i = ti (0 <= ti<= tSI) (PCF or other contention)
Problem Definition • Given the above constraints, the cross layer design problem may be formulated as an optimization with objectives like maximizing goodput or minimizing consumed power etc. • If si is the cross layer strategy available to WSTA i from a set Si then given xi and ti, si will result in a utility ui(ti,si,xi)
Problem Definition • The optimal cross layer strategy can be found by maximizing the video quality in terms of perceived quality or PSNR • Mathematically, siopt = arg max ui(ti,si,xi) si ∈ Si such that Delay(ti,si,xi) <= Delayimax
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Motivation for Optimal Strategy • The above functions ui(ti,si,xi) and Delay(ti,si,xi) are non-deterministic, non-linear, complex and multi-variate optimization. • The strategies to solve them must take into account different practical considerations like buffer sizes, modulation schemes etc. and should be procedurally grouped and ordered for cross layer optimization.
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • Possible solutions based on the order in which cross layer optimization is performed: • Top-down approach • Bottom-up approach • Application-centric approach • MAC-centric approach • Integrated approach
Top-down approach • Higher layer protocols optimize their parameters and strategies at the next lower layer. • Very widely used for example in systems where APP dictates MAC parameters and MAC selects optimal PHY parameters.
Bottom-up approach • Lower layers try to insulate higher layers from losses and bandwidth variations. • Not optimal due to incurred delays and throughput reductions.
Application-centric approach • APP layer optimizes parameters of lower layers one at a time in either top-down or bottom-up manner. • Not optimal since APP layer operates on slower timescales and coarser data granularities.
MAC-centric approach • MAC layer decides which APP layer packets should be transmitted with which delay along with selecting PHY layer parameters. • MAC layer is unable to perform adaptive source channel coding
Integrated approach • Strategies are determined jointly across various protocols. • Complex and introduces delays.
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • To maximize video quality, minimize the MAC packet loss rate (PLR). • MAC packet losses occur due to: • Link erasures • Buffer overflows • Define a strategy to optimally select retransmission limit R that minimizes the overall MAC packet loss.
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Packet loss probability = P, • Buffer overflow rate = pB, • Link packet erasure rate = pL = PR+1, • Service rate of link = C, • Effective utilization factor of link ρ may be defined as ρ(P) = λ/C(1−P) • Overall loss rate = pT(R,P) = pB(R,P)+pL(R,P)= + PR+1 (1)
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Treating R as a continuous variable and differentiating (1) with respect to R we get, R = logP (1 – ) – 1 (2)
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation Fig 1: MAC PLR under fixed- and RTRO-based retransmission strategies.
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • From Fig 1 we note that the optimal R is located at the point where pB(R)=pL(R) (intersection) • Thus, optimal R = arg minR |pB(R)-pL(R)| (3)
MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Li et. al. [2] performed empirical analysis using M/G/1 queuing model and proposed real-time retransmission limit optimization (RTRO) algorithm: • The network queue and the MAC layer monitor the overflow rate pB(R) and the packet error rate pL(R). • If pB <pL, then R is increased; if pB >pL, then R should be decreased
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • By associating different retransmission limits to different priority packets the MAC-layer RTRO optimization can be jointly optimized by the APP layer.
Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Tolerable MAC packet loss rates of all video layers = PV = [PV1 PV2 … PVN] • Video quality = Q • To maximize Q Unequal Error Protection (UEP) must be provided. • To provide UEP multiple priority queues are maintained with a common absolute Priority-Queuing (PQ) discipline.
Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Incoming rate of packets into priority queue i=ci • Total available link capacity = C • Perceived link capacity of queue j in the worst case: Cj= max{0,C - } (4) • As long as cj < Cj, queue j will have few overflow losses.
Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • The above model can be further extended to include a multiqueue system based on which a systematic retry-limit configuration method for MAC can be determined to optimize video quality.
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Impact of Cross Layer Strategies Table 1: Subjective video quality experiment. Table 2: Decoding the visual scores in Table 1.
Outline • Problem Definition • Motivation for Optimal Strategy • Categorization of Cross Layer Solutions • MAC Layer Retransmission Limit Adaptation • Joint Application-MAC Cross Layer Optimization • Impact of Cross Layer Strategies • Conclusion
Conclusion • Cross layer design can be modeled as a multivariate optimization problem expressed in the form of various strategies to maximize perceived quality and improve user experience. • Cross layer solutions can be categorized into various approaches based on a layer dictating strategies and parameters for other layers. • MAC-layer optimization yields improved video quality. • MAC-APP layer optimization performs even better.
References • P. A. Chou and M. van der Schaar. “Multimedia over IP and Wireless Networks”, Academic Press, ISBN 10: 0-12-088480-1, pp. 351-360, 2007. • Q. Li and M. van der Schaar. “Providing Adaptive QoS to Layered Video over Wireless Local Area Networks through Real-Time Retry Limit Adaptation,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 278–290, April 2004.