Chapter 16 Section 1 Spain Phillip II Became king of Spain/Netherlands

1. Chapter 16 Section 1 Spain Phillip II Became king of Spain/Netherlands Absolute Monarch (Absolutism) – ruler with complete authority over the govt. and the lives of the people Divine Right – authority to rule came directly from God. Ruled for 42 years, guardian of the Catholic Church Lived simply as a monk Used the Inquisition to fight the spread of Protestantism Protestants in the North rebel, declare their independence = Dutch Netherlands Builds armada to attack England (Elizabeth 1/Protestant) who supported the Dutch Elizabeth also encouraged sea dogs (pirates) to attack Spanish ships and cities Spanish Armada = 130 ships, 20,000 men, 2,400 pieces of artillery English ships were lighter, faster and more maneuverable Beginning of the end of Spanish Empire Costly wars Taxed the small middle class Inflation – rise in prices Expulsion of Muslims & Jews

2. Section 2 France Violence between Huguenots (Protestants) & Catholics St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 3,000 Huguenots killed Henry IV Huguenot prince inherits the throne, converted to Christianity “Paris is well worth a mass.” Edict of Nantes – granted Huguenots religious toleration Repaired France, “a chicken in every pot” Killed by an assassin in 1610

3. Louis XIV “Sun King” – believed strongly in Divine Right and Absolutism “I am the state.” Estates General – representatives of French social classes (Parliament) didn’t meet once from 1614-1789. Intendants – royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, carried out policies Gave intendant positions to members of the middle class for their support Jean Baptiste Colbert – finance minister Mercantilism – export more than importbuild supply of gold and silver, colonies Palace at Versailles – symbol of the king’s power Levee – ritual of holding the royal wash basin or handing the king his shoes Ruled for 72 years War of Spanish Succession – Louis’ grandson inherited Spain Britain, Netherlands fight to maintain the balance of power in Europe & to prevent France & Spain from uniting

5. Section 3 England Parliament still held the power of the purse, Henry VIII still asked Parliament to create the Anglican Church Elizabeth dies without an heir, James Stuart (ruling king of Scotland) rules England James lectured Parliament on Divine Right, needed $, dissolved Parliament Charles I Inherits throne, wants absolute monarchy Summons Parliament for funds, Parliament asks he sign the Petition of Right King couldn’t raise taxes, throw someone in jail for no reason Charles signs, got $, dissolved Parliament, and ignored Petition for 11 years Parliament tried and executed Charles’ chief ministers Civil War Cavaliers = supported Charles Roundheads = supported Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, Puritans (purify the church of Catholic Practices) Captured, Charles gave the command for his own execution

6. Cromwell becomes “Lord Protector” (dictator) Sunday was set aside for religious observance Profaning on the Lord’s day = fine, closed theaters, frowned on gambling, taverns and dancing Schools for boys and girls Didn’t tolerate open worship for Catholics, welcomed Jews Cromwell dies in 1658, Puritans lose control, citizens tired of strict rules, Charles II returns Glorious Revolution James II (Catholic) appoints Catholics to high office Members of Parliament ask James’ Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch Protestant husband William III to take the crown. James flees to France. William and Mary agree to sign the English Bill or Rights.

7. English Bill of Rights Superiority of Parliament over the monarchy House of Commons = the power of the purse King/Queen could not interfere with Parliamentary debate or suspend laws Roman Catholic could not be king Rights of English citizens (habeas corpus) Limited Monarchy Constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs power King/Queen had to obey the law Constitutional Government Government whose power is defined and limited by law Political Parties Tories – preserve older traditions, royal power Whigs – business interests, Parliament

8. Cabinet Presidential advisors Prime Minister Leader of the majority party in House of Commons Section 5 Russia Peter the Great modernized (Westernized) Russia Visited Western factories, art galleries, Parliament, doctors Absolute Monarch Forced boyars to shave their beards, wear western clothes, allow women to attend events Imported Western technology, established schools for boys and girls, established Mercantilism Sought a warm water port from the Ottoman Empire, but was denied Built St. Petersburg, forced tens of thousands of serfs to drain the swampland Stretched Russian empire to the Pacific Ocean

9. Chapter 17 Section 1 The Enlightenment Scientific Revolution encouraged people to apply new thought to social, economic and political problems. Natural Law – rules discoverable by reason Thomas Hobbes People were naturally wicked Social Contract – agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society Favored an absolute monarchy John Locke People were basically reasonable and moral Natural Rights – rights that belonged to all humans from birth Life, liberty, and property Favored a limited government Government fails to protect Natural Rights, people have the right to rebel Montesquieu Divide the government among 3 branches Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Checks and balances

10. Voltaire “My trade is to say what I think” Exposed the abuses of clergy, politicians Defended free speech Denis Diderot Encyclopedia Articles from Montesquieu and Voltaire Attacked slavery, divine right, argued for public education Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who bought it Rousseau People were naturally good Government placed too many restrictions on individuals Women Had natural rights, but were limited to home and family Laissez Faire economics Means “let be” Replaces Mercantilism Free market should regulate business activity Adam Smith – all economics are tied to supply and demand