DIA MET Translation of science objectives to Flight Plans (discussion) Domestic Arrangements”

1. DIAMET Translation of science objectives to Flight Plans (discussion) Domestic Arrangements” Mission Scientist Requirements

2. DIAMET features of interest • Thin strips of mid-level PV • Along-front structures • Sting jets • Slantwise convection • WCBs and embedded bands – pseudo-Lagrangian approach • Tropopause folds • Mesoscale cyclones • Air-sea fluxes • Along-front and across-front correlation (for DA) • Microphysics measurements within radar coverage • - Need to design flight modules to accomplish each objective • - Fit modules together to generate sortie briefs for each flight • Already have successful sortie briefs from T-Nawdex flights in Nov 2009 • B483 (03/11/09), B486 (13/11/09) , B488 (23/11/09)

3. Flight Brief: Flight B483 3rd November 2009 (T-NAWDEX 1) Prepared by John Methven, 2 November 2009 Date: Tuesday 3/11/09Crew list: mission scientist: John MethvenMission 2: Tom Frame, Andreas Schaefler, Jeffrey ChagnonLocation: Cambridge airport to Southwest Approaches and return.Aim: Sample the cold front of a developing frontal wave with two dropsonde sections and in situ flying. The second section is further west. Given the rapid eastward flow, this will give a greater separation (in time following the air) between the dropsonde curtains.Meteorological and other considerations:The frontal wave is forecast to develop fast and be propagating rapidly towards ESE. The early take-off is necessary get to the south side of the cold front while it is still within the NOTAM A area. In the high resolution Met Office forecasts there is a line of convection with east-west orientation embedded on the northern flank of the front (below the southern end of a tropopause fold). This line will move southwards slowly from ~51N at 09UT, crossing Cornwall by midday. The low level front itself will be south of this. It is expected that there will be strong variation along the front with sections of heavyprecipitation and some with none. The latest Met Office forecast also indicates a developing mesocyclone crossing Lands End at about 11. Likely to be an uncertain feature but would be a focus of interest if identified during flight. Towards the end of the flight we aim to take measurements of turbulent humidity and temperature fluxes in the marine boundary layer in strong winds (15-20 m/s) along the English Channel.Instrument requirements 12 dropsondes, although we may drop fewer.O3 and TECO NOx to be operated continuously.Key instruments are those for temperature and water vapour, liquid and ice.

7. Sortie Details Flight B483, Tuesday 3 November 2009 0530 Briefing 0830 Take-off T+0 Take-off heading for southern edge of NOTAM A at 4W. Fly at fuel efficient altitude, then climbing to highest feasible altitude at way point. T+45 Head towards 52N, 6W on level run dropping sondes regularly (5-6 sondes). T+75 Head towards SW along edge of NOTAM A on level run. T+95 Head S along western edge of NOTAM A on level run, dropping sondes regularly (~5 sondes). Note location of frontal and associated weather for return in situ legs. T+115 Reciprocal turn and profile descent to level of interest (5 mins), crossing through rainfall and convection on front on 15 min level run. Location determined from dropsondes and email from ground cf RADAR imagery. T+135 Reciprocal turn and profile descent to lower level for 15 min level run. T+155 Reciprocal turn and profile descent to minimum safe altitude (preferably within marine boundary layer) for 15 min run. T+175 Head towards home along Channel at MSA for further 15 minutes. T+190 Profile ascent to level of interest (~FL120) to return to Cambridge. T+250 Landing in Cambridge. 1240 Local time – landing 1300 Debrief immediately

8. Flight No B483 Date: Project: Location: Start Time, End Time, Event, Height (s), Hdg, Comments ---- ---- ----- ---------- --- -------- 082552 taxy 0.73 kft 140 082719 asp 0.72 kft 048 open 083000 T/O 0.71 kft 228 from Cambridge 091111 heim/bbr 20.0 kft 245 open 092114 092642 Profile 1 20.1- 26.0kft 243 092654 093259 Run 1.1 26.0 kft 244 093958 094014 Run 1.1 26.0 kft 192 real end 094200 Sonde 1 26.0 kft 340 run 1.2 start 094208 101029 Run 1.2 26.1-26.0kft 339 094705 Sonde 2 26.0 kft 328 095211 Sonde 3 26.0 kft 328 095703 Sonde 4 26.0 kft 326 100344 Sonde 5 26.0 kft 324 101008 Sonde 6 26.0 kft 324 101213 103326 Run 1.3 26.1-26.0kft 254 103321 Sonde 7 26.0 kft 252 103331 105752 Run 1.4 26.0 kft 252 103915 Sonde 8 26.0 kft 202 104520 Sonde 9 26.0 kft 203 105113 Sonde 10 26.0 kft 198 105718 Sonde 11 26.0 kft 351 105752 111536 Profile 2 26.0-8.0 kft 347 111728 113931 Run 2.1 8.0 kft 181 114115 114805 Profile 3 8.0 - 1.7 kft 342 114816 120310 Run 3.1 1.7 kft 346 120310 120437 Profile 4 1.7-0.86 kft 041 120437 121136 Profile 5 0.86-8.0 kft 040 121136 124322 Run 4.1 8.0 kft 036 124440 125752 Run 5.1 10.0-9.9 kft 074 130914 Land 0.83 kft 232 cambridge

9. Sondes 1-6 FL260 Sondes 7-11 FL260 Run 2.1 FL80 Run 4.1 FL80 Run 3.1 1.7kft B553 APPRAISE Flight Track B483 T-NAWDEX Flight Track

10. Flight Brief: Flight B486 13th November 2009 (T-NAWDEX 2) Missing Sortie Brief

11. Sondes 1-6 FL300 Sondes 11-17 FL300 “Across Front” Sondes 7-10 FL300 “Along Front”

15. FLIGHT SUMMARY Flight No B486 Date: 13 Nov 2009 Project: T-NAWDEX Location: SW approaches S Time-E Time Event Height (s) Hdg Comments ---- ---- ----- ---------- --- -------- 092835 Start-Up 0.74 kft 129 093111 power c/o 0.74 kft 129 no call from cockpit 093323 ASP 0.73 kft 055 open 093936 T/O 1.9 kft 356 Cranfield 094051 climb out 2.3 kft 016 094750 transit 10.0 kft 240 fl 100 095244 turb probe 10.0 kft 241 raw data checked 095314 GIN 10.0 kft 241 track plot checked 100711 temps 21.0 kft 265 deiced/nondeiced ok 100817 HORACE 22.1 kft 265 recording 47628/1836 102506 Sonde 1 30.0 kft 261 102845- 05934 Run 1.1 30.0 kft 202 103313 Sonde 2 30.0 kft 193 103815 Sonde 3 30.0 kft 189 104338 Sonde 4 30.0 kft 190 104816 Sonde 5 30.0 kft 190 105318 Sonde 6 30.0 kft 190 105850 Sonde 7 30.0 kft 222 105935-112415 Run 1.2 30.0 - 30.1 kft 249 111123 Sonde 8 30.0 kft 248 112232 Sonde 9 30.0 kft 252 112415-113104 Run 1.3 30.1 - 30.0 kft 259 49N 9W C 113005 Sonde 10 30.0 kft 251 113104-115210 Run 1.4 30.0 - 30.1 kft 224 49N 9W C 115156 Sonde 11 30.1 kft 347 115210-122946 Run 1.5 30.1 - 30.0 kft 348 115731 Sonde 12 30.0 kft 316 115931 wxrx 30.0 kft 315 range to 80 miles signal good 120254 Sonde 13 30.0 kft 314 120444 heiman 30.0 kft 314 cal01 120734 Sonde 14 30.0 kft 315 121211 Sonde 15 30.1 kft 315 122351 Sonde 16 30.0 kft 312 122510 nev 30.0 kft 312 zero 122523 JW 30.0 kft 312 zero 122842 Sonde 17 30.0 kft 312 123210-124444 Profile 1 30.1 - 10.0 kft 182 123232 ! 29.7 kft 182 2000ft/min 123722 P1 20.0 kft 185 interrupt 123913 P1 20.1 kft 018 resume 124615-140731 Run 2.1 10.0 - 9.6 kft 027 fl100 140756 ! 8.8 kft 064 descent into Cranfield 142145 Land 0.75 kft 353 Cranfield 142145 142423 ASP 0.75 kft 233 closed

16. Sondes 1-6 FL300 B486 T-NAWDEX Flight Track Sondes 11-17 FL300 “Across Front” Sondes 7-10 FL300 “Along Front”

17. Sortie Brief: Flight B488 – 24th November 2009 (T-NAWDEX 3) Version 2. Prepared by John Methven, Doug Parker and Ian Renfrew Mission Scientist 1: Doug Parker Mission Scientists: John Methven, Peter Knippertz, Tom Frame possibly. Location: South of Ireland in NOTAM A and the marine sector to its west. Aims: • Straight and level runs along and across the cold front, within the marine boundary layer, to measure turbulent fluxes of temperature and humidity. • Profiling ascent from marine boundary layer through Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) – a tongue of ascending warm air originating in the central Atlantic. The front is forecast to be rearward sloping, so that the WCB is above and behind (to the northwest side) of the cold front with ~300 km between surface front and tropopause trough. • High level dropsonde leg across the cold front and WCB. Notes: MSA is to be defined as a constant value which can be flown both in and out of rain, with the exception of items 3 and 7, one of which should be at 100ft over the sea. Sortie Details - Table Sketch of Sortie A = Warm side of front (~ 51N, 8W). H = Start of dropsonde leg on northwest side of WCB and front (as far west as we can ~51N, 11W). I = End of dropsonde leg (~51N, 6W) – leg could be along northern edge of NOTAM A.

18. Sortie details:

23. Sortie Brief: Flight B488 – 24th November 2009 (T-NAWDEX 3) Version 2. Prepared by John Methven, Doug Parker and Ian Renfrew Mission Scientist 1: Doug Parker Mission Scientists: John Methven, Peter Knippertz, Tom Frame possibly. Location: South of Ireland in NOTAM A and the marine sector to its west. Aims: • Straight and level runs along and across the cold front, within the marine boundary layer, to measure turbulent fluxes of temperature and humidity. • Profiling ascent from marine boundary layer through Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) – a tongue of ascending warm air originating in the central Atlantic. The front is forecast to be rearward sloping, so that the WCB is above and behind (to the northwest side) of the cold front with ~300 km between surface front and tropopause trough. • High level dropsonde leg across the cold front and WCB. Notes: MSA is to be defined as a constant value which can be flown both in and out of rain, with the exception of items 3 and 7, one of which should be at 100ft over the sea. Sortie Details - Table Sketch of Sortie A = Warm side of front (~ 51N, 8W). H = Start of dropsonde leg on northwest side of WCB and front (as far west as we can ~51N, 11W). I = End of dropsonde leg (~51N, 6W) – leg could be along northern edge of NOTAM A.

27. S6-S7 S1-S5 P5 P1 R1 D A E P2 P5 R2 P4 C R3 R4 B F P3 P1 to 0.5kft (241) R1 to A at 0.5kft (237) P2 to 1.4kft (212) R2 to B at1.4kft (214) R3 to F at 1.4kft (101) P3 to B at 5kft (276) R4 to C at 5kft (280) P4 to 0.5kft (304) P5 to FL290 (304) [int at FL270 to turn (254) & rec(219)] Sondes 1-5 FL291 (106) Sondes 6-7 FL291 (91)

28. B488 T-NAWDEX Part - Flight Track

29. B483 T-NAWDEX Flight Track B486 T-NAWDEX Flight Track B488 T-NAWDEX Flight Track B553 APPRAISE Flight Track

31. Sortie Brief: APPRAISE-Clouds: mixed-phase cloud studies • Date: 03 Feb 2009 • B433 (double flight): t/o (Cranfield) 11:00z, land (Exeter) 15:15z • B434: t/o (Exeter) 16:45z, land (Exeter) 20:45z • M.Sci: Keith Bower • Sortie Aims: To measure ice and liquid-phase microphysical processes in frontal clouds in association with the Chilbolton radar facility. • Sortie Location: Over and to the west of the Chilbolton radar facility. Area Alpha. • Sortie Summary: Perform a series of runs at a series of altitudes below cloud base (if possible), within and above the cloud, along the azimuth that is being scanned by the radar. Information on the run orientation and altitude to be flown will be provided by scientists at Chilbolton using VHF radio (call-sign “Radsearch”). Where the radar identifies a small-scale feature of interest, the aircraft may abort a long leg in order to turn to re-penetrate it. Where either the aircraft or radar identifies a particular horizontal layer of interest, the aircraft may fly a sawtooth pattern so as to provide a sequence of profiles through it. It is desired that the aircraft flight legs start/finish in the Chilbolton overhead. This benefits the validation of vertically-pointing radar/lidar retrievals of supercooled cloud layers. This requires turns to be done within controlled airspace and so may limit the number of occasions that this is possible. • Sortie Detail B433: • Take off & climb to FL100 to transit to operating area at Chilbolton. • When at suitable location descend from transit altitude to 1000ft agl, or to lowest altitude allowed by operating restrictions. Fly • 10min clear air leg in vicinity of Chilbolton. • Perform a profile ascent at 1000ft/min along the azimuth and through the cloud system up to FL330 or to above cloud top, • whichever is lower. • Fly a series of 40-60km level flight legs along the azimuth scanned by the radar at altitudes defined by the radar or as • determined from previous profile. Ideally, just above cloud base, throughout the cloud, just below and just above cloud top. • Duration of each leg ~10 minutes. Legs should extend over Chilbolton. During incloud legs AMS should sample off CVI inlet • unless tip iced up (but sample off Rosemount inlet out of cloud). Filters to be exposed on out of cloud legs only. • Where the radar identifies a feature of interest or one that is penetrated by the aircraft along any leg, the leg may be • interrupted to fly one or more butterfly patterns. Each butterfly consists of a minimum of two minutes straight/level that • includes penetration of the feature followed by turns that allow re-penetration of the feature during the reciprocal part of the • pattern. • Where a defined layer of interest (such as a shallow layer of supercooled liquid water) is identified by the aircraft or radar, the • long leg may be flown as a sawtooth leg with ascents/descents at 1000ft/min, extending 1000ft above and below the layer • level (M.Sci may request level segments of 1 minute). • Repeat items d) to e) as long as flight endurance or cloud conditions permit. • End with below-cloud clear air aerosol leg (10 min) if possible, before recovering to destination airfield. • Sortie Detail B434: • As above except for takeoff and transit from Exeter airfield onto Chilbolton Radial to begin science, landing back at Exeter.

39. DIAMET field campaign • 14th – 30th September 2011, based at Cranfield (shared period) • 24th November – 15th December 2011, detachment to Exeter, joint period with Met Office • July-August 2012 (dates not finalised), Cranfield

40. Key:-

41. DIAMET EXETER detachment, Nov 23 -Dec 15, 2011

42. Exeter Airport Hotel Mercure, Southgate Hotel Exeter Southernhay East, Exeter EX1 1QF01392 412 812 Met Office FitzRoy Road, Exeter Devon EX1 3PB DIAMET EXETER detachment, Nov 23 -Dec 15, 2011

43. Hotel Mercure,