Fire Management Approaches

1. Fire Management Approaches F/SUPT HERBERT B CEZAR

2. Fire Management Approaches from Other Countries

3. Introduction

4. In the United States Of America

5. FIRE SERVICE ORGANIZATION Types of Organization • Public Fire Department. A department of municipal government, with the head of the department directly responsible to the chief administrative officer of the municipality. • Less Common is a Fire Bureau which is usually a division of a department of public safety. In this type of organization of public safety department, head must divide his or her time between several important functions, including Police and Fire Service.

6. The County Fire Department. Frequently, this Fire Department begins with a county fire prevention office and a fire communication system. The smaller (often volunteer) department initially remains autonomous for fire suppression purposes, but gradually more functions, including suppression, are assumed by the county organization. Fire District. It is organized under provisions of state or provincial law. It is in effect, a separate unit of government having its own government body composed of commissioners or trustees, and is commonly supported by a tax levied through the District. The fire district may include portion of one or more township or other government subdivision.

7. FIRE DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL On call or volunteer personnel Career firefighters Combination of career / on call or volunteer personnel

8. During the evacuation of the World Trade Center as a result of the 1993 bombing, the loss of normal and emergency power left the stairways in total darkness, a darkness that far exceeded what will typically be encountered at night in a home. A survey by the National Fire Protection Association after the attack revealed that, for those who made the decision to exit, more than 60 percent needed more than an hour to get out.

9. EXPANDED ROLE OF THE FIRE SERVICE Fire Prevention Fire Investigation Incident Command EMS Delivery Hazmats Mutual Aid or Automatic Aid MIS FIDO Disaster Management

10. FIRE DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE Principle of Organization • LINE FUNCTION • Refer to those activities directly unvalued with Fire Suppression Operations. • Fire Suppression Officer is primarily considered to be line officer. • STAFF FUNCTION • Fire Prevention • Training • Maintenance • Communication • Research and Planning • Community Relation • Financial Management • Personal Management • Fire Protection Engineering

11. Fire Department Structured on the Basics • of Four Management Principles • Unity of Command • Span of Control • Division of Labor • Discipline

12. Other Views of Organization Functions- Fire Department can be organized along Functional Lines, example, training division is responsible for leading and coordinating department training activities. Engine Company/ truck companies have certain defined functions responsibilities at a fire. Geography- Each company is responsible for specific geographic area. Fire stations are located throughout the community to ensure a rapid response time to every area and each station is responsible for a specific geographic area. Staffing- Staffing issues affect all fire department- career fire department, combination department and volunteer department. It is particularly impatient to ensure that there are enough responders available at all times.

13. Function of Management • Planning - means developing a scheme, program or method the worked out before hand to accomplish an objective • Organizing - means putting together into an orderly functional structured whole • Leading - means guiding or directing in a course of action • Controlling - means restraining, regulating, governing, counteracting, or overpowering

14. Rules & Regulations and SOP’s • This is essential to ensure a safe and harmonious working environment. • Rules and Regulations – are developed by various governments a government authorized organization to implement a law that has been passed by a government body. • Policies- service develop to provide definite guidelines for present and future actions • SOP – are written organizational directives that establish or prescribed specific operational or administrative methods top be followed routinely for performance designated operations or actions.

15. DHTML Tree Menu

17. Methodologies

18. Advanced Fire Administration A presentation of modern management and planning techniques that apply to organizing a fire department. Procedures explored include those for evaluation and control of budgeting, personnel, communications, and planning. The traditional and evolving roles of the fire department in protection, prevention, and community service are discussed. • Analytic Approaches to Public Fire ProtectionA presentation of techniques of operations research and systems analysis as they apply to problems in fire protection. Discussion covers techniques such as cost/benefit analysis, methods for locating fire stations, and the use of statistical analysis.

19. Fire-Personnel Management An examination of personnel practices, management procedures, collective bargaining, binding arbitration, and applicable legislative and administrative procedures. Topics include promotion, personnel development, career and incentive systems, validation of physical requirements, and managerial and supervisory procedures.

20. Fire-Prevention Organization and ManagementAn examination of prevention as the primary community-based strategy for fire protection. Topics include community risk reduction, codes and standards, inspections and plans review, incident investigation, fire-prevention research, and the relationship of master planning to fire prevention. The cultural, economic, governmental, nongovernmental, and departmental influences on fire prevention are also explored. Emphasis is on applying the principles studied to anticipate problems and develop strategies for fire prevention.

21. Incendiary-Fire Analysis and Investigation A presentation of procedures and techniques for determining, collecting, comparing, and analyzing data on incendiary fires. Topics include principles of ignition phenomena and propagation variables, the role of insurance and governmental programs in combating arson, and techniques of analyzing and predicting data, such as pattern analysis. Discussion deals with the legislative, economic, psychological, sociological, and legal aspects of incendiarism.

22. Disaster and Fire Defense Planning A study of the concept and principles of assessing community risk and then developing regional and cooperative procedures and plans of response. The relationship of structural, climatic, and topological variables to group fires, conflagrations, and natural disasters is analyzed. Other aspects introduced include pre- and post occurrence factors, such as organization, communications, planning, coordination, and command and logistics.

23. Fire-Related Human Behavior • Explanation of the dynamics of human behavior in fire incidents. Emphasis is on the functions and implementation of prevention practices, programs, codes, and ordinances. The concepts of risk, personal invulnerability, role, and group dynamics are examined in relation to design aspects of buildings and mitigation of the effects of fire on modern society. Discussion deals with proper ways of conducting post fire interviews, and emphasizes the psychological effects of communications during emergencies.

24. Managerial Issues in Hazardous Materials The development of the knowledge and skills necessary to safely and effectively manage a hazardous materials emergency. Topics include health and safety concerns, political issues, regulations, site management and control, hazard and risk evaluation, information management, response objectives, special tactical problems, decontamination, and termination activities. Federal regulations such as OSHA 1910.120 and NFPA 472 (Standard on Professional Competency of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents) are addressed.

25. Fire-Protection Structure and Systems Design Presentation of design principles involved in protecting buildings and other structures from fire. Empirical tests and prediction procedures are explained. Practices in designing systems for detecting, controlling, and suppressing fires, as well as the basic hydraulic design of sprinkler and water-spray systems are presented. Recent innovations in the field are reviewed.

26. Political and Legal Foundations of Fire Protection A consideration of the legal basis for the police powers of the government in connection with public safety. The responsibility, legal limitations, and liability of fire-prevention organizations and personnel are examined. Judicial decisions are reviewed, with a focus on the implications of product-liability cases in the field of fire prevention.

27. The Community and Fire Threat An analysis of the sociological, economic, and political characteristics of communities and their influence on the fire problem. Discussion covers methods of studying community profiles and structures, and the economic, geographic, and sociological variables of fire threat. The functional basis of the community is examined, with attention to the diverse social roles of community agencies and the roles of fire service as a complex organization within the community. • Fire Dynamics An investigation into the phenomena of fire propagation in the air regulated phase and the fuel-regulated phase. Variables in the development of pre- and post flashover fire are analyzed. Topics include geometric material; gaseous, fluid-flow, and thermodynamic parameters; and fire models of compartments and buildings.

28. Application of Fire Research A practical, up-to-date review of fire research and its application. The transfer of research and its implications for fire prevention and protection programs are addressed. The focus is on both national and international studies, and on maintaining awareness of ongoing research developments.

29. Internship in Fire Science Through Co-op (3)Prerequisite: Formal admission to the Co-op program. An opportunity to combine academic theory with new, career-related experience in fire science. At least 12 hours per week must be devoted to new tasks for a minimum of 180 hours during the Co-op session; four new tasks must be delineated in the Learning Proposal; and the course requirements must be completed. May be repeated upon approval of a new Learning Proposal that demonstrates new tasks and objectives related to fire science and that continues to advance application of academic theory in the workplace. Students may earn up to 15 credits in all internship coursework through Co-op toward a first bachelor’s degree and up to 9 credits toward a second bachelor’s degree. Co-op credits may not be used for general education requirements and, unless otherwise specified, no more than 6 Co-op credits may be used in the academic major and minor (combined).

30. Internship in Fire Science Through Co-op (6)Prerequisite: Formal admission to the Co-op program. An opportunity to combine academic theory with new, career-related experience in fire science. At least 20 hours per week must be devoted to new tasks for a total of 300 hours during the Co-op session; five to eight new tasks must be delineated in the Learning Proposal; and the course requirements must be completed. May be repeated upon approval of a new Learning Proposal that demonstrates new tasks and objectives related to fire science and that continues to advance application of academic theory in the workplace. Students may earn up to 15 credits in all internship coursework through Co-op toward a first bachelor’s degree and up to 9 credits toward a second bachelor’s degree. Co-op credits may not be used for general education requirements and, unless otherwise specified, no more than 6 Co-op credits may be used in the academic major and minor (combined).

31. Other Examples from United Kingdom giving emphasis on 9/11 Pathway Marking Can Speed EvacuationSignage and markings can play crucial role if a building loses power *Samples of photo luminescent materials

32. Continuation… It is essential for facility executives to realize how poor conditions can be during an emergency, and how important it is that every reasonable effort be made to ensure that occupants can move through passageways and stairs as rapidly as possible. Walking in darkness is not something that many people do with confidence. Even at home, movement is slower in the middle of the night; how can rapid movement through darkness be expected in an unfamiliar environment during an emergency? The answer, of course, is that it cannot.

33. As a result of those problems, the Port Authority of New York installed a photo luminescent pathway marking system to highlight the locations of treads, landings, handrails and exits. Photo luminescent safety markings glow in the dark after being charged by normal ambient lighting. They are non-electrical and non-radioactive, and the glow is very bright in the first 90 minutes but can be visible for several days.

34. Although it has been widely reported that the lights remained on during the attacks on Sept. 11, there have been some reports of lights having been off in parts of some stairways. At least one survivor of the South Tower relied on the pathway marking system to descend from the 84th Floor, using it to navigate past a darkened, smoke-filled section of the stair in the impact zone. Further investigation should reveal what role the photo luminescent pathway marking played in egress.

35. Fire Management System of Japan

36. Fire services in Japan were started as autonomous bodies with functions closely linked to local communities, and these bodies have been playing an important role in ensuring people's safety, including such activities as fire prevention, fire fighting, rescue operations, and disaster control operations in earthquakes, storms and floods, and have been undergoing a number of reforms in system-, methodology-, facility-, material- and equipment-related improvement and strengthening resulting from various efforts made throughout their history.

37. We are required to make efforts continually in the future to further improve and strengthen the present fire defense system, which is placed mainly under the control of local autonomous bodies and developed around regional fire defense headquarters and Volunteer Fire Corps and on the basis of cooperation with residents of the communities. In addition, we are also required to establish a comprehensive fire defense system today from a national point of view because of the need for emergency control in a large-scale, extraordinary disaster such as the expected great earthquake. Fire and Disaster Management Agency intends to address these problems positively and make an all-out effort to ensure people's security and develop communities that promise a peaceful life for people.

38. Fire and Disaster Management Agency formulates various measures to prevent disasters, such as fire, earthquake, storm, or flood damage, and to develop the necessary legal basis and improve armaments consisting of the materials and equipment necessary to minimize damage when a disaster occurs. It also functions as the contact in the national government for local autonomous bodies and fire defense-related organizations, while promoting fire defense administration in a manner comprehensible to the public in general. It maintains the security of people's lives through various fire defense and disaster prevention measures including public relations activities, fire defense organization reforms, and education and training of fire service personnel as well as members of Volunteer Fire Corps.

39. Utilizing the available facilities and human resources, fire services must achieve the following tasks:(1) to protect people's lives and property from fire, and (2) to take precautions against disasters such as storms, floods, fires and earthquakes and to mitigate the damage resulting from these.

45. Fire Management System of Singapore

46. Singapore Fire DepartmentCivil defence in Singapore: the SCDF in profile: from the inception of Singapore's National Civil Defence Plan in 1982, to an integration with the Fire Services in 1989 The SCDF operates in unique circumstances. Dense urbanization and limited land space sees industries and the population packed in close proximity, presenting an abundance of challenges and operational pitfalls from high-rise buildings, road congestion and a constant process of urban renewal and development.

47. The SCDF's structure, mode of operations and service policies are tailored to suit Singaporean concerns and needs. In times of both war and peace, the SCDF operates on a three-tier command structure, with HQ SCDF commanding four territorially-based land divisions composed of the fire stations, fire posts and reserve units such as rescue battalions. In addition, the Fire Safety and Shelter Bureau serves to regulate fire safety standards and oversees the Civil Defense Shelter Programme in Singapore.

48. Community involvement in Singapore's Civil Defense efforts is recognized as critical in successfully preparing the nation for emergencies. The SCDF is continually developing meaningful and interactive ways to reach out and engage the local community. Aside from the deployment of hi-tech gadgetry and multimedia, a philosophy of developing partnerships with stakeholders and fostering a sense of ownership about local safety and security issues is central to the SCDF's efforts. In a multi-racial society, bringing communities together to seek solutions to their own safety concerns has also served as an invaluable opportunity to tighten communal bonds.

49. Singapore… continuation Every second is critical in the business of life saving, and the realities of heavy traffic and the dense maze of housing estates occupied by almost 80 per cent of the local population has seen the development and deployment of a whole generation of `lighter' response units unique to the SCDF. These include fully equipped paramedics and firefighters mounted on motorcycles, and the SCDF's Light Fire Attack Vehicle (or Red Rhino), all of which are able to reach incident sites faster than the traditional ambulances and full-sized pumpers.

50. World events of the past two years have seen the SCDF take major steps to reposition itself in an altered security climate, considerably enhancing its resources and response capabilities while innovating to keep ahead of new threats. Challenges posed by the threat of bio-terrorism and chemical attacks, for instance, have been met with the development of new customized hazmat equipment and solutions to enhance existing appliances, such as the incorporation of foaming and immediate decontamination capabilities to all pumpers and red rhinos. Like many agencies playing a part in national safety and security, the SCDF has had to re-assess itself in the face of new risks posed to civilian populations. Conventional concerns such as ensuring the delivery of quality emergency services to the public, and driving home messages on the importance of preparedness and fire safety, however, are far from diminished. In its pursuit of organizational excellence, the SCDF is currently gearing up to attain the most prestigious of business excellence awards in Singapore, the Singapore Quality Class.