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Perchlorate Degradation in Bench- and Pilot-Scale Ex-situ Reactors

B. Logan, Penn State University. Perchlorate Degradation: Topics. Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria.Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2Comparison of rates in bioreactorsPilot-scale reactor test. . B. Logan, Penn State University. Are perchlorat

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Perchlorate Degradation in Bench- and Pilot-Scale Ex-situ Reactors

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    1. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation in Bench- and Pilot-Scale Ex-situ Reactors Bruce E. Logan, Kijung Kim, Booki Min Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Email: Blogan@psu.edu Steven Price Camp, Dresser and McKee Email: prices@cdm.com

    2. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2 Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    3. B. Logan, Penn State University Are perchlorate-respiring bacteria abundant in nature?

    4. B. Logan, Penn State University

    5. B. Logan, Penn State University Creek water

    6. B. Logan, Penn State University Unexposed Soils

    7. B. Logan, Penn State University Unexposed Soils

    8. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate-contaminated soil

    9. B. Logan, Penn State University PRM Abundance: observations PRMs present in natural waters at ~1000/109 PRMs in �pristine� soils, that have no evidence of perchlorate contamination: ~1/109 At sites where perchlorate is present, have an abundant perchlorate reducing population, ~100/109

    10. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2 Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    11. B. Logan, Penn State University Phylogentic analysis of KJ (courtesy of Dr. Ian Head, Univ. of New Castle)

    12. B. Logan, Penn State University

    13. B. Logan, Penn State University KJ Perchlorate kinetics: Ks=33 mg/L (lactate grown cell suspensions)

    14. B. Logan, Penn State University

    15. B. Logan, Penn State University

    16. B. Logan, Penn State University

    17. B. Logan, Penn State University

    18. B. Logan, Penn State University Cell yield- KJ

    19. B. Logan, Penn State University Overall Stoichiometry

    20. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2 Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    21. B. Logan, Penn State University Acetate-Fed Sand Packed-bed Column Experiments

    22. B. Logan, Penn State University Acetate-fed Bioreactors Columns: 14 cm or 28 cm long. Mixed cultures: enriched on perchlorate (activated sludge samples) Pure culture: Dechlorosoma sp. KJ Feed: Artificial groundwater (AGW) containing 20 mg/L perchlorate and nutrients; water from the City of Redlands

    23. B. Logan, Penn State University Mixed cultures (14 cm sand column)

    24. B. Logan, Penn State University Mixed cultures (28 cm sand column)

    25. B. Logan, Penn State University Pure culture: KJ (28 cm-sand column)

    26. B. Logan, Penn State University Pure culture: KJ (28 cm-sand column)

    27. B. Logan, Penn State University Pure culture: KJ (28 cm-sand column)

    28. B. Logan, Penn State University Redlands Water Pure culture KJ, (28 cm-sand column)

    29. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2 Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    30. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate reduction supported by Hydrogen gas

    31. B. Logan, Penn State University Hydrogen Reactor Column: 12.5 cm (10 mm packed), 2.5 cm diameter Packing: 3 mm diameter glass beads (1200 m2/ m3) Pumping Solution: 740 ?g/L perchlorate in trace metal solution Gas mixture: H2, 43 mL/min and CO2, 7.5 mL/min) Operation period: 145 days

    32. B. Logan, Penn State University Fixed film biohydrogen reactor (unsaturated flow)

    33. B. Logan, Penn State University Average detention times of 1.0-1.3 minutes

    34. B. Logan, Penn State University Hydrogen reactor performance

    35. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: H2 Acetate Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    36. B. Logan, Penn State University Expect removal rate, R, is 1st-order with respect to perchlorate concentration. Rate calculated as: For 1st-order kinetics, use log mean perchlorate concentration Reactor Kinetics: Removal Rates

    37. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Bioreactor Rates (Data prior to 2001; Mixed cultures, organic substrates)

    38. B. Logan, Penn State University HYDROGEN REACTOR

    39. B. Logan, Penn State University ALL PERCHLORATE BIOREACTOR REMOVAL RATE DATA (Sand Column Reactor Data)

    40. B. Logan, Penn State University Perchlorate Degradation: Topics Abundance of perchlorate degrading bacteria. Bacterial isolate used in tests: KJ Bench-scale reactors: Acetate H2 Comparison of rates in bioreactors Pilot-scale reactor test

    41. B. Logan, Penn State University Study Participants Site: Redlands, California, Texas St well field Engineering Firm: Camp, Dresser and McKee Research Unit: The Pennsylvania State University Funding Agency: American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF; via an EPA Grant)

    42. B. Logan, Penn State University Study site: City of Redlands

    43. B. Logan, Penn State University Texas St. Site in Redlands has 24 GAC columns (shut down due to perchlorate breakthrough)

    44. B. Logan, Penn State University PERCHLORATE FIXED-BED BIOREACTOR Patent No. 6214607

    45. B. Logan, Penn State University Pilot plant Specifications Feed: groundwater, acetic acid, ammonium phosphate Two bioreactors in parallel: Sand Plastic media Monitoring: flow, pressure, pH, dissolved oxygen, Perchlorate, acetate, nitrate

    46. B. Logan, Penn State University Media Used in Two Reactors operated in parallel

    47. B. Logan, Penn State University Raw water supply- Redlands Site

    48. B. Logan, Penn State University Bioreactors housed on site in a converted garage (Redlands, CA)

    49. B. Logan, Penn State University

    50. B. Logan, Penn State University

    51. B. Logan, Penn State University In line mixers, flow measurement, and flow controller

    52. B. Logan, Penn State University Filter pumps, one for each reactor

    53. B. Logan, Penn State University

    54. B. Logan, Penn State University Water exits at reactor top (via an overflow weir) to a drain

    55. B. Logan, Penn State University Water then goes to a holding tank that is periodically emptied

    56. B. Logan, Penn State University Water quality monitoring panel

    57. B. Logan, Penn State University Monitoring water quality

    58. B. Logan, Penn State University Samples can be obtained along each reactor

    59. B. Logan, Penn State University

    60. B. Logan, Penn State University Preliminary Pilot Plant Results Two bioreactors are just in startup phase (running about 2 weeks) Flow is 1 gpm/reactor Sand column: 20 min detention time Plastic media: 60 min detention time During this startup phase, perchlorate was reduced from 70 ppb to: Sand column: 10 ppb initially, <4 ppb after first backwashing Plastic media: 40 ppb initially, <4 ppb after first backwashing

    61. B. Logan, Penn State University Preliminary Pilot Plant Results Dissolved oxygen: completely removed Effluent pH: 6.7 � 6.9 Turbidity: 2-4 NTU Nitrate: evidence of gas bubbles Odors: none during operation

    62. B. Logan, Penn State University CONCLUSIONS Perchlorate reducing microbes are present in natural water and soil samples, but enriched in perchlorate-contaminated soils. It is possible to obtain high perchlorate removal rates, at low EBCT of 2.1 min, in packed bed reactors inoculated with pure culture (KJ)

    63. B. Logan, Penn State University CONCLUSIONS� continued Perchlorate removal was achieved in the laboratory using groundwater from the Redlands site, containing dissolved oxygen and nitrate. Pilot scale tests are underway in Redlands California to demonstrate the reliability of perchlorate removal using a large scale reactor and actual groundwater sample.

    64. B. Logan, Penn State University ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    65. B. Logan, Penn State University Questions ?

    66. B. Logan, Penn State University References

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