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Emerging Technology Development for Multimedia Communications

This presentation covers conventional communication concepts, interface standards, video display systems, global video standards, and proposed HDTV standards. It also discusses telecommunications digital transmission hierarchy and introduces digital contents over IP. Explore the network topology of the DCoIP system, including gateways, routers, and endpoints in this evolving field of multimedia communications technology.

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Emerging Technology Development for Multimedia Communications

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  1. Emerging Technology Development for Multimedia Communications John Pang Yu Ph. D. Managing Director The Emerging Technologies Cooperative, Inc. Menlo Park, California USA National SunYat-Sen University, kaohsiung, Taiwan Slide 1 of 48

  2. Table of Contents (Continued) • DCoIP Device and System Developers • Existing and Proposed Standards • Quality of Services • Technical Advancements • DCoIP Market Trends • DCoIP Challenges • References Slide 3 of 48

  3. Introduction To Conventional Communication Technological Concepts • Transmission Line Loss, Echoes, Delay, Gain • Insertion Loss, Impedance Matching, Crosstalk, Return Loss • Signal Bandwidth and Noise Measurement • Differential Gain and Differential Phase (non-linearity of a two-port system) • X.25 Seven Layer Protocol: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical • Modulation: Amplitude-Modulated Signals: Double-Sideband with Transmitter Carrier; Double-Sideband with Suppressed Carrier; Single-Sideband with Transmitter Carrier. Slide 4 of 48

  4. Introduction To Conventional Communication Technological Concepts (Continued) • Modulation: Amplitude-Modulated Signals: Vestigial-Sideband with Transmitter Carrier (TV RF Signal) Angle-Modulated Signals; Pulse Amplitude Modulation; Pulse Duration Modulation; Pulse Code Modulation; Frequency-Modulated Signals; Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Multiplexing: Space Division Multiplex (SDM); Frequency Division Multiplex; Time-Domain Multiplex (TDM); Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) Access Multiplex (DSLAMs) Slide 5 of 48

  5. Some Data Communication Interface Standards • Committee Consulting International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) • Electronic Industrial Association (EIA): RS-232-C, RS-422, RS-485 • PSTN, ISDN, DSL, DSLM, T1 (DS-1: 1.544 Mbps), E1 (2.048 Mbps), OC-1 (STS-1: 51.84 Mbps) • T.38: Voice, Data and Fax over Different Telephone Lines • Loop Start Interface (LSI: analog PSTN) Slide 6 of 48

  6. Interactive Video Display System • A Bi-Directional Interactive Data Communication Systems Via MODEM and Telephone Line • Image Plans and video Graphic Mode • Texts and Graphics Mixed Mode • Video Graphics and Texts Display Processors in A Digital Format • Information Retrieval Between Video Display Terminal and Terminal • Information Retrieval Between Video Display Terminal and Database (Information Provider) • A Bi-Directional Interactive Data Communication System Via RF MODEM and Cable Slide 7 of 48

  7. Worldwide Video Standards NTSC PAL SECAM Line / Field525 / 60 625 / 50 819 / 50 “E” Mono 625 / 50 “L” Color H. Frequency 15.734 KHz 15.625 KHz 20.745 KHz “E” 15.625 KHZ “L” V. Frequency 59.94 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz “E” & “L” Color Subcarrier 3.579545 MHz 4.433618 MHz 4.40625 MHz OR 4.25000 MHz OB Sound Carrier 4.5 MHz (FM) 6.0 MHz (FM) 6.5 MHz (AM) “L” Video Bandwidth (Y) 4.2 MHZ 5.5 MHz 10 MHz “E” 6.0 MHz “L” Video Component R G B Or R G B Or R G B Or Y I Q or Y U V Y U V Y B-Y R-Y Interlaced 2 : 1 2 : 1 2 : 1 Frames / Second30 25 25 Aspect Ratio 4 : 3 4 : 3 4 : 3 Slide 8 of 48

  8. Proposed HDTV Standards Japan USA Europe Line / Field1125 / 60 1050 / 59.94 1152 / 50 H. Frequency 33.7495 KHz 31.468 KHz 31.25 KHz V. Frequency 60 Hz 59.94 Hz 50 Hz Video Bandwidth (Y) 30 MHz 40 MHz Chrominance BW (B-Y) 15 MHz 20 MHz Chrominance BW (R-Y) 15 MHz 20 MHz Interlaced 2 : 1 2 : 1 2 : 1 Frames / Second30 30 25 Aspect Ratio 16 : 9 16 : 9 16 : 9 Slide 9 of 48

  9. Telecommunications Digital Transmission Hierarch Highlights Digital Optical Electrical Line Effective # DS0s in #DS1s in #DS3s Others SDH Signal Transmit Transmit Bit Rate Data Rate Payload Payload in Payload Level DS-0 E0 /J0 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 1 DS-1 T1 /J1 1.544 Mbps 1.536 Mbps 24 1 E1 2.048 32 DS-2 T2 6.312 96 4 E2 8.448 128 E3 34.368 512 DS-3 T3 44.736 672 28 1 OC-1 STS-1 51.84 50 672 28 1 E4 139.264 2048 OC-3 STS-3 155.52 150 2016 84 3 STM-1 DS-4 274.176 4032 168 6 OC-9 STS-9 466.56 451 6048 252 9 STM-3 OC-12 STS-12 622.08 601 8064 336 12 4 OC-3 STM-4 OC-24 STS-24 1.244 Gbps 1.20 Gbps 16128 672 24 STM-8 OC-96 STS-96 4.976 4.81 64512 2688 96 STM-32 OC-256 13.271 172032 7168 256 OC-768 39.813 516096 Slide 10 of 48

  10. Introduction to Digital Contents over IP Slide 11 of 48

  11. DCoIP Network Topology Gatekeeper IP Network Connection IP Network Connection PSTN to VoIP VoIP to PSTN Gateway IP Network IP Network Connection PSTN to VoIP VoIP to PSTN Gateway Phone Line Phone Line PSTN PSTN Phone Line Phone Line Equipment to Bridge the Circuit-Switched Network and Packet-Switched Network Slide 12 of 48

  12. DCoIP Network Topology Router Router H.323 EndPoints H.323 EndPoints H.323 EndPoint POTS H.323 MCS with gateway ISDN H.323 EndPoints Telephone Circuit Switched Network H.323 EndPoint Firewall & H.323 proxy H.323 MCS with gateway INTERNET H.323 Gatekeeper Slide 13 of 48

  13. DCoIP Network Topology H.323 H.323 ITU Terminals Circuit Switched Network H.320 ISDN H.323 H.323 Terminals Internet H.324 PSTN Gateway H.323 Zone H.323 MCU H.323 GateKeeper H.323 Terminals Major Entities in an H.32X Environment: H.323 Terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and MCUs. Slide 14 of 48

  14. Circuit-Switched Network Slide 15 of 48

  15. Packet-Switched Network Slide 16 of 48

  16. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Slide 17 of 48

  17. IPv4 vs IPv6 • Address space increased from 32 bits to 128 • IPv4 has about 4 Billion addresses (US, Europe, rest of the world) • IPv6 has about 2^128 = 3.4 X 10 ^ 38 addresses • Approx. 665 X 10 ^21 addresses per sq.m of the earth surface • IPv6 has built in IP security (IPsecurity is part of IPv6) • IPv6 has fixed length header. • Optimized for hardware implementation • IPv6 has improved support for QoS, Multicast and Mobile IP • IPv6 has support for domestic appliances • Government (DOD 2008), University and Industry lead initiatives Slide 18 of 48

  18. IPv6 Partners Slide 19 of 48

  19. IPv6 Partners (Continued) Slide 20 of 48

  20. IPv6 Partners (Continued) Slide 21 of 48

  21. Major System Components Slide 22 of 48

  22. Major System Components (Continued) Slide 23 of 48

  23. Major System Components (Continued) Slide 24 of 48

  24. Major System Components (Continued) Slide 25 of 48

  25. DCoIP Device and System Developers Slide 26 of 48

  26. DCoIP Device and System Developers (Continued) Slide 27 of 48

  27. DCoIP Device and System Developers (Continued) Slide 28 of 48

  28. DCoIP Device and System Developers (Continued) Slide 29 of 48

  29. Existing and Proposed Standards Slide 30 of 48

  30. Video Compression Techniques Slide 31 of 48

  31. Existing and Proposed Standards (Continued) H.323 Protocol Stack • H.323 Entities include Terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and Multipoint Control Unit; APIs; Object and Source Code; Version 2 to Include H.450 and H.235. • H.323 Version 2 Provides the Following: Compression Schemes, Real Security Measures, Improved Signaling, QoS, and Improved Resource Management. • H.323 Enlists a Number of Other Protocols for Interoperability as Follows: • G.711, G.722, G.728, G.723.1, G.729 for Codec at the Presentation Layer (OSI model) • Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) at the Transport Layer • Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) at the Network Layer • Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) • H.225 for Standard Call Setup Sequences / Packet Synchronization • H.245 Specifies Messages for Opening and Closing Channels for Media Streams, and Other Commands, Requests and Indications at the Session Layer • H.261 for Video Codec for Audiovisual at P x 64 kbps • H.263 for a New Codec for Video Over PSTN • T.120 Series of Multimedia Communications Protocol • T.38 for Real-Time Fax; Procedures for Real Time Group 3 Facsimile Communication Between Terminals Using IP Networks Slide 32 of 48

  32. IP Protocols H.323, SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 • H.323 • IP communications protocol for real-time voice and video over IP. • Includes core protocol and gatekeeper toolkits. • International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recommendation for audio, video, and data communications across IP-based networks. • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) • Signaling protocol for establishing real-time calls and conferences over IP networks. • SIP is an IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Protocol. • MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) • A complementary IETF protocol to H.323 and SIP • Defines the communication procedures for a Media Gateway Controller to provide instructions and to gather information from Media Gateways • Megaco/H.248 (Media Gateway Control) • Similar to MGCP, jointly defined by the IETF and ITU-T SG-16 • Gradually replacing MGCP • Megaco renamed GCP (Gateway Control Protocol) -- RFC 3525 Slide 33 of 48

  33. RTP / RTCP Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) • Provides end-to-end delivery services of real-time Audio (G.711, G.723.1, G.728, etc.) and Video (H.261, H.263), • Data is transported via the user datagram protocol (UDP). • RTP provides payload-type identification, sequence numbering, time stamping, and delivery monitoring. • UDP provides multiplexing and checksum services. • RTP can be used with other transport protocols. Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) • Counterpart of RTP that provides control services • Primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback on the quality of the data distribution – RTCP-XR • Carries transport-level identifier for an RTP source • Used by receivers to synchronize audio and video. Slide 34 of 48

  34. Existing and Proposed Standards (Continued) ITU-T Speech Coding Standards • Standards Description • G.711 64 kbps PCM (Both A-Law and u-Law) (1988) • G.722 Wideband Vocoder Operating at 64, 56, or 48 kbps • G.726 ADPCM Vocoder Recommendation That Folds G.721 and G.723 • G.727 Embedded ADPCM Operating at 40, 32, 24, or 16 kbps • G.728 16-kbps Low-Delay Code-Excited Linear Prediction Vocoder (LD-CELP) • G.729 8-kbps Conjugate-Structure Algebraic-Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CS-ACELP) • G.729A Annex A: Reduced Complexity 8 kbps CS-ACELP Speech Code • G.723.1 Low-Bit-Rate Vocoder for Multimedia Communications Operating at 6.3 and 5.3 kbps (1996) Slide 35 of 48

  35. Quality of ServicesQoS • Technical Constraints • Latency is the Most Technical Problem Over Internet Telephony: by Delay, Delay Variance (or Jitter), Asymmetrical Delay, and Unpredictable Delay • Twenty (20) ms Coast-to-Coast Delay in the U.S. : Mostly Not Noticeable • Fifty (50) ms Delay is Noticeable • 250 ms Delay by the Satellites - Conversation Becomes Difficult • 350 ms Delay Over the Public Internet From Encoding and Packetizing at Both Ends of the Call • Standard Half-Duplex Sound Card: Amateur Radio Conversation Quality • Latency is Dependent on Lost a Packet (30 ms) or Packets, Packet Size, Buffer Size, Speaker Behavior Parameter, Protocol Application, Frame Delay, Speech Process Delay, Bridging Delay,PC Too Overloaded to Run Vocoder, and Protocol Limitations Slide 36 of 48

  36. Quality of Services (Continued) • Performance Evaluations: • Delay 200 Milliseconds From a Private IP Network With Good Encoding and Excellent DSP Technologies • Laboratory Demonstrations to Analyze Voice Quality With 100 ms, • 150 ms, 200 ms, and 250 ms Latency With the Following Setups: • 1. Workstation-to-Workstation Using the Gatekeeper • 2. Workstation-to-Phone Using the Cisco 3620 as a H.323 Gateway • 3. Phone-to-Phone Using Netrix 2210 and Cisco 3620 for Calls • Connections Through IP Network Slide 37 of 48

  37. Effect of Delay on Voice Quality > 25ms Echo Cancellation Required PSTN <150 ms (with echo cancellation): acceptable 150-400 ms: acceptable if delay expected Slide 38 of 48

  38. Technical Advancements • Resource ReserVation Protocol (RSVP) - It is a Receiver-Driven and up to the Receiver to Select Which Source to Receive and Amount of Bandwidth to be Reserved or Paid for • Parallel IP Networks - Different Bandwidth Allocations for Data and Multimedia by Virtual or Physical • Packet Networks Take on Circuit Networks • Parallel or Overlay Networks are Being Built to Support Real-time Multimedia Traffic • Today’s DSP Delivers More Than 10 Times the Price/Performance of Its Predecessors Five Years Ago, Providing 100 MIPS for Voice Compression and Thus Reducing Latency Slide 39 of 48

  39. VoIP Market Trends Voice vs IP Growth Source: The Yankee Group Slide 40 of 48

  40. VoIP Market Trends Voice Minutes Over IP by Year Source: The Yankee Group, 1997 Slide 41 of 48

  41. DCoIP Market Trends VSAN: Voice Services Over Alternate Networks How Much Voice Traffic Will Migrate to VSANs Over the Next Five Years ? Source: The Yankee Group Slide 42 of 48

  42. DCoIP Market Trends User Perceptions of Voice over the Internet Source: The Yankee Group Slide 43 of 48

  43. DCoIP Market Trends • More IP-Based Services - Proxy Services for H.323 • More Security Features - Encryption for Conference Security, IP Security (IETF Standard) • More Network Interfaces - ATM, Frame Relay, Direct Dial IP Over ISDN • VoIP Market Potential - $560 Million for IT User in 1999, 34 % of Telephone Calls Carried on Packet Networks by 2005 • EURO IP Telephone Market Worth $3.9 Billion by 2003 Per Dataquest • Asia’s E-Commerce: Jumping to $40 Billion in 2003; Jump 100 % Annually • The VoIP Market Revenues at $290 Million in 1999 and Predict Only $1.8 Billion in Sales in 2003 • U.S. Unified Messaging Market for Business: $175 Million (1997 - 1998) and Lucent had 24 % Market Share Per Frost & Sullivan’s Report • Real Value of VoIP is Its Ability to Integrate Voice and Data for Multimedia Applications, Not Just A Low Cost Alternate to PSTN Slide 44 of 48

  44. DCoIP Challenges • Getting Telcos up to Speed With New Technology and Willingness to Stick Around the Existing PBXs and VoIP • Setting H.323, H.100 / H.110 Standards • Quality of Services (QoS) • Latency Problem (Delay) • Advanced Voice Compression Techniques • According to the Yankee Group: 83 % of Respondents Indicated That “Performance Guarantees” Are A Prime Requirement for Voice Over Alternate Networks • 50 % of Respondents Indicated That “Gateway Traffic Repots” Should be Capable of Providing the Necessary Call Detail Records and Other Specified Traffic Data Slide 45 of 48

  45. References • Voice Over IP; Uyless Black, Prentice Hall, 1999 • Voice Over Data Network; Gilbert Held, McGraw-Hill, 1998 • Compact PCI, Computer Telephony Specification, January, 1998 • Spectral Compatibility of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL System Tutorial, August, 2000) • Transmission Systems for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Fourth Edition, February 1970 • Communication Systems, B. P. Lathi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1968 • Engineering and Operations in the Bell system, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. 1978 Slide 46 of 48

  46. References (Continued) • Solutions to Problems in Modulation Theory, by Harold S. Black, Van Nostrand 1953 • How to choose the Right Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (1525 to 1570 nm) • Interactive Video Display Systems, by John P. Yu 1982 • Worldwide Video Standards, Bell Telephone Laboratories, by John P. Yu 1980 • Technical Aspects of Data Communications, by John E. McNamara, Digital Equipment Corporation 1978 • Bell system Technical Reference - Switched Network Transaction Telephone System, Pub 41804 Slide 47 of 48

  47. References (Continued) • Voice Over Whatever: Internet, IP, Frame Relay, and ATM Find Their Voice; Telecommunications Planning Service, The Yankee Group, December 1997 • VoIP: The Opportunity Why You Should Become An ITSP, Internet Telephony, July, 1999 • Internet Technology Focus; August, September & October 1999 • Lucent Website - http://www.lucent.com • Cisco Website - http:// www.cisco.com • Dialogic Website - http://www.dialogic.com • Brooktrout Website - http://www.brooktrout.com • Internet Telephony - Strategies, Solutions and Products; Andreas Wolf, ITK, AG, March, 1998 • Voice Over IP Networks; Marcus Goncalves, McGraw-Hill, 1999 • Delivering Voice Over IP Networks; Daniel & Emma Minoli, John Wiley & Sons, 1998 Slide 48 of 48

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